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Persistent infection
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== Herpesviruses == {{Main article|page_name=Herpesviruses}}Herpesviruses are very common viruses that all establish latent infection in human hosts. Many have been implicated in chronic and neurogenerative diseases, both with and without replication. [[Epstein-Barr virus]] has been associated with a wide number of immune diseases including [[multiple sclerosis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lossius | first = Andreas | date = December 2012 | title = Epstein-Barr Virus in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis—Association and Causation | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3528287/|journal=Virus|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], and [[myasthenia gravis]]. EBV was recently discovered to turn on "risk genes" for autoimmune disease in the cells it infects. [[EBNA]]2, a protein produced by EBV-infected cells, and its related transcription factors activate half the human genes known to be associated with the risk for lupus as well as genes associated with several other autoimmune diseases including [[multiple sclerosis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[diabetes#Type_1|type 1 diabetes]], [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]] and [[celiac disease]]. EBV activation can thus increase the risk of developing these diseases.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/epstein-barr-virus-protein-can-switch-risk-genes-autoimmune-diseases | title = Epstein-Barr virus protein can “switch on” risk genes for autoimmune diseases | last = | first = | date = 16 April 2018 | website = National Institutes of Health|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>
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