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Palmitoylethanolamide
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{{NeedsImage}} '''Palmitoylethanolamide''' or '''Palmitoylethanolamine''' or '''PEA''' is a naturally occurring fatty acid that is available as a supplement and may have benefits for [[chronic pain]], [[fibromyalgia]], and for some [[mast cell activation syndrome|mast cell activation]] or [[neurological disorder|neurological disease]]s.<ref name="Hesselink2012">{{Cite journal | last = Hesselink | first = Jan M. Keppel | authorlink = | date = 2012-02-29 | title = New Targets in Pain, Non-Neuronal Cells, and the Role of Palmitoylethanolamide|url=https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOPAINJ-5-12|journal=The Open Pain Journal|volume=5|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.2174/1876386301205010012|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Lambert2002" /><ref name="webmd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1596/palmitoylethanolamide-pea | title = PALMITOYLETHANOLAMIDE (PEA): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> PEA is not derived from marijuana but is an endocannabindiol-like compound that affects on some of the same pathways that marijuana compounds like THC and CBD do, and may have similar effects but without the potential for abuse found in THC or cannabis.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Palmitoylethanolamide: A Potential Alternative to Cannabidiol | date = 2021-11-28|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.2005733|journal=Journal of Dietary Supplements|volume=0|issue=0|pages=1–26 | last = Clayton | first = Paul | last2 = Subah | first2 = Silma | last3 = Venkatesh | first3 = Ruchitha | last4 = Hill | first4 = Mariko | last5 = Bogoda | first5 = Nathasha|doi=10.1080/19390211.2021.2005733|pmid=34842030|issn=1939-0211}}</ref> PEA is also known as palmitoylethanolamide powder, hydroxyethylpalmitamide, Impulsin, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)palmitamide, Palmitamide MEA, Palmitic Acid Monoethanolamide, [[#um-PEA|um-PEA]], Palmidrol, and under various brand names including [[#normast|Normast®︎]].<ref name="webmd" /> ===<span name="um-PEA">Ultramicronized PEA</span>=== Ultramicronized PEA, also known as '''um-PEA''' or '''PEA-um''' is a form of palmitoylethanolamide available under the brand name [[#normast|Normast]].<ref name="Andresen2016" /><ref name="webmd" /> ==Theory== PEA has been suggested as a potential treatment for both [[Long COVID]] and ME/CFS, based on the common microvascular symptoms of Long COVID and supported by [[Carmen Scheibenbogen|Scheibenbogen]] and [[Klaus Wirth|Wirth's]] [[Unifying hypothesis of endothelial dysfunction|Unifying hypothesis]] of [[endothelial dysfunction]] as the cause of neurological symptoms in ME/CFS. PEA is a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist, a group of drugs with the potential to improve endothelial health and function in ME/CFS, as well as being anti-inflammatory.<ref name="PMC8575441"/> ==Evidence== ==Clinicians== ==Risks and safety== ==Costs and availability== Available without a prescription, in the form of a powder, sublingual treatment, capsules and cream.<ref name="cimasci" /><ref name="rs4" /><ref name="webmd" /><ref name="vitalitus" /> ===Normast=== Epitech's Normast is probably the best known brand of PEA, and has been used for multiple clinical trials including for [[fibromyalgia]] pain, and unsuccessfully in spinal cord injury patients where it was found to be not statistically more effective than a placebo for [[chronic pain#nerve_pain|nerve pain]], spasicity, and insomnia,<ref name="Andresen2016">{{Cite journal | last = Andresen | first = Sven R. | authorlink = | last2 = Bing | first2 = Jette | author-link2 = | last3 = Hansen | first3 = Rikke M. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Biering-Sørensen | first4 = Fin | authorlink4 = | last5 = Johannesen | first5 = Inger L. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Hagen | first6 = Ellen Merete | authorlink6 = | last7 = Rice | first7 = Andrew S.C. | last8 = Nielsen | first8 = Jørgen F. | last9 = Bach | first9 = Flemming W. | date = Sep 2016 | title = Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide in spinal cord injury neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|url=https://journals.lww.com/pain/Abstract/2016/09000/Ultramicronized_palmitoylethanolamide_in_spinal.25.aspx|journal=PAIN|language=en-US|volume=157|issue=9|pages=2097–2103|doi=10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000623|issn=0304-3959|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> and for other chronic health conditions. Normast ultramicronized PEA and is manufactured in [[Italy]].<ref name="Andresen2016" /> ===Other brands === Brands of PEA other than Normast include Levagen or Levagen+, Optipea, PeaCURE, PeaPlex, PeaPure, Mirica, and Soothamide.<ref name="cimasci">{{Cite web|url=https://cimasci.com/products/palmitoylethanolamide/ | title = Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide bulk Powder,bulk PEA | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=Cima Science Premium Ingredients Manufacturer|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref><ref name="rs4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rs4supplements.com/en/pea/peapure/ | title = PeaPure Capsules - PEA|website=RS4supplements English|language=en|access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref><ref name="webmd" /><ref name="vitalitus">{{Cite web|url=https://vitalitus.com/pea/pea-faq/ | title = Palmitoylethanolamide FAQ|website=vitalitus|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> ==Buy online == *[https://vitalitus.com/pea Vitalitus] - United States *[https://www.viafarmaciaonline.it/catalogsearch/result/?q=normast+ Normast] - ViaFarmacia, Italy, worldwide shipping *[https://www.rs4supplements.com/en/pea/peapure/ RS Supplements] - Netherlands, worldwide shipping ==Notable studies== *2002, The Palmitoylethanolamide Family: A New Class of Anti-Inflammatory Agents?<ref name="Lambert2002">{{Cite journal | last = Lambert | first = D.M. | last2 = Vandevoorde | first2 = S. | last3 = Jonsson | first3 = K-O. | last4 = Fowler | first4 = C.J. | date = 2002-03-01 | title = The Palmitoylethanolamide Family: A New Class of Anti-Inflammatory Agents ?|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/2002/00000009/00000006/art00003|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=9|issue=6 | pages = 663–674|doi=10.2174/0929867023370707}}</ref> *2009, The potential benefits of palmitoylethanolamide in palliation: a qualitative systematic review<ref name="Davis2009">{{Cite journal | last = Davis | first = Mellar P. | last2 = Behm | first2 = Bertrand | last3 = Mehta | first3 = Zankhana | last4 = Fernandez | first4 = Carlos | date = 2019-12-01 | title = The Potential Benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide in Palliation: A Qualitative Systematic Review | url =https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909119850807|journal=American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®|language=en|volume=36|issue=12|pages=1134–1154|doi=10.1177/1049909119850807|issn=1049-9091}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mellar_Davis2/publication/333265797_The_Potential_Benefits_of_Palmitoylethanolamide_in_Palliation_A_Qualitative_Systematic_Review/links/5cee7e3792851c53956fb2c1/The-Potential-Benefits-of-Palmitoylethanolamide-in-Palliation-A-Qualitative-Systematic-Review.pdf (Full text)] *2012, New Targets in Pain, Non-Neuronal Cells, and the Role of Palmitoylethanolamide<ref name="Hesselink2012" /> [https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOPAINJ-5-12 (Abstract)] *2014, Palmitoylethanolamide in CNS health and disease<ref name="Raso2014">{{Cite journal | last = Mattace Raso | first = Giuseppina | authorlink = | last2 = Russo | first2 = Roberto | authorlink2 = | last3 = Calignano | first3 = Antonio | authorlink3 = | last4 = Meli | first4 = Rosaria | author-link4 = | date = Aug 2014 | title = Palmitoylethanolamide in CNS health and disease|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24844438/|journal=Pharmacological Research|volume=86|issue=|pages=32–41|doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.006|issn=1096-1186|pmc=|pmid=24844438|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24844438/ (Abstract)] *2021, The microvascular hypothesis underlying neurologic manifestations of long COVID-19 and possible therapeutic strategies<ref name="PMC8575441">{{Cite journal | title = The microvascular hypothesis underlying neurologic manifestations of long COVID-19 and possible therapeutic strategies | date = 2021-08-19|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8575441/|journal=Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=10|issue=4|pages=193–203 | last = | first = | authorlink = |vauthors=((Research Accessibility Team (RAT)))|doi=10.1097/XCE.0000000000000253|pmc=8575441|pmid=34765889|access-date=|issn=2574-0954|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8575441/ (Full text)] ==See also== *[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] *[[Chronic pain]] *[[Fibromyalgia]] *[[Mast cell activation syndrome]] ==Learn more == *[https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1596/palmitoylethanolamide-pea Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)] - WebMD *[https://vitalus.com/pea/pea-faq PEA Frequently Asked Questions] - Vitalitus ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Fatty acids]] [[Category:Supplements]] [[Category:Anti-inflammatories]] [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Analgesics]] [[Category:Cannabis-derived drugs]] [[Category:Phospholipids]] [[Category:PPAR modulators]]
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