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'''Outcome switching''' or '''outcome swapping''' is when authors of a clinical trial "move the goal posts" during a trial, which may be done to achieve the desired results or may accidentally affect the trial's findings.{{citation needed}} For example, changing the primary outcome that is used to decide if a treatment is successful from the distance walked in 6 minutes to the percentage of patients who rated their symptoms as "better" or "much better" on a patient questionnaire. The [[PACE trial]] authors, in a clinical trial of [[ME/CFS]] patients undergoing [[GET]]/[[CBT]], employed this tactic. ==Pre-specified outcomes == When a clinical trial has a protocol published in advance, it will typically include [[pre-specified outcome|pre-specified primary outcomes]], these are the main measures used to determine if an intervention or drug is effective. Secondary outcomes are considered to be less important. For example, change in average pain level measured with a questionnaire, biological test results or physical measurements of ability.{{citation needed}} Outcome swapping is the process of changing these primary outcomes during the trial or prior to publication.{{citation needed}} For example, a secondary outcome may be changed with a primary outcome, which may give then change the results reported in the trial publication. In the [[PACE trial]], outcome swapping led to results showing that both [[CBT]] and [[GET]] were moderately effective, but when a secondary analysis used the original pre-specified outcomes this showed the interventions were less effective than the previously published results.{{citation needed}} == Articles on Outcome switching in clinical trials== *[https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201604/how-outcome-switching-is-corrupting-medical-research How Outcome Switching is Corrupting Medical Research]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/side-effects/201604/how-outcome-switching-is-corrupting-medical-research| title = How Outcome Switching is Corrupting Medical Research | last = Lane | first = Christopher | date = Apr 30, 2016 | website = Psychology Today|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref> - Psychology Today *[http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21695381-too-many-medical-trials-move-their-goalposts-halfway-through-new-initiative For my next trick...]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2016/03/26/for-my-next-trick| title = For my next trick... | last = | first = | date = Mar 26, 2016|work=The Economist|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en}}</ref> - The Economist *[http://www.clinicalleader.com/doc/is-outcome-switching-still-a-problem-in-clinical-trials-0001 Is Outcome Switching Still A Problem In Clinical Trials?]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clinicalleader.com/doc/is-outcome-switching-still-a-problem-in-clinical-trials-0001| title = Is Outcome Switching Still A Problem In Clinical Trials | last = Miseta | first = Ed | date = Mar 7, 2016 | website = clinicalleader.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref> - clinicalleader.com *[http://www.vox.com/2015/12/29/10654056/ben-goldacre-compare-trials How researchers dupe the public with a sneaky practice called "outcome switching"]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/29/10654056/ben-goldacre-compare-trials| title = How researchers dupe the public with a sneaky practice called "outcome switching" | last = Belluz | first = Julia | date = Dec 29, 2015 |work=Vox|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> - Vox '''Tracking outcome switching''' *[http://compare-trials.org/ compare-trials.org]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://compare-trials.org/| title = Tracking switched outcomes in clinical trials|website=COMPare|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref> == PACE trial == *In 2016, [[Julie Rehmeyer]] gave the talk [http://www.slideshare.net/JulieRehmeyer/bad-statistics-bad-reporting-bad-impact-on-patients-the-story-of-the-pace-trial?utm_source=slideshow&utm_medium=ssemail&utm_campaign=post_upload_view_cta ''Bad Statistics, Bad Reporting, Bad Impact on Patients: The Story of the PACE Trial'' Slideshow given at the 2016 Joint Statistics Meetings]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slideshare.net/JulieRehmeyer/bad-statistics-bad-reporting-bad-impact-on-patients-the-story-of-the-pace-trial| title = Bad Statistics, Bad Reporting, Bad Impact on Patients: The Story of the PACE trial | last = Rehmeyer | first = Julie | date = Aug 1, 2016 | website = slideshare.net|publisher=|language=en|via=SlideShare|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-08-11 | authorlink = Julie Rehmeyer}}</ref> (Notes may be be viewed by clicking the βNotesβ icon just above the comments section in the slideshow link.) *[[David Tuller]] spoke about and answered questions on the PACE trial and its flaws. :* Feb 28, 2016, David Tuller gave a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fS6Gzc52VI speech with Q&As].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fS6Gzc52VI| title = Lezing dr David Tuller met Nederlandse ondertiteling | last = Tuller | first = David | date = Mar 28, 2016 | website = YouTube|publisher=ME/cvs Vereniging|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date= | authorlink = David Tuller}}</ref> :* Feb 27, 2016, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN1bYhkDHA4&feature=youtu.be An Interview with David Tuller], held at The [[Forgotten Plague]] Conference, discussing the flaws of the [[Pace trial]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN1bYhkDHA4&feature=youtu.be| title = Interview with David Tuller (Amsterdam, 27th February 2016) | last = Tuller | first = David | date = Mar 4, 2016 | website = YouTube|publisher=Frank Twisk|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date= | authorlink = David Tuller}}</ref> *[http://me-pedia.org/wiki/PACE_trial#Release_of_Data PACE trial - Release of Data] *Geraghty (2017) discussed outcome switching and other [[PACE trial]] flaws.<ref name="Geraghty, 2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Geraghty | first1 = Keith | authorlink1 = Keith Geraghty| title = Further Commentary on the PACE Trial: Biased Methods and Unreliable Outcomes| journal = Journal of Health Psychology | volume = 22 | issue = 9 | page = 1209-1216 | date = May 2017 | doi = 10.1177/1359105317714486|url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317098481_Further_Commentary_on_the_PACE_Trial_Biased_Methods_and_Unreliable_OutcomesFurther}}</ref> ==SMILE trial== In the [[SMILE trial]], school attendance was swapped from a primary outcome to a secondary outcome during the trial, with all primary outcomes then based only on questionnaire results, despite the unblinded treatment which encouraged children to believe they would recover and no longer see themselves as ill.<ref name="SmileCorrection">{{Cite journal | last = Brown | first = Nick | authorlink = Nick Brown | date = Jul 2019| title = Editor's Note on Correction to Crawley et al 2018|url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2019/07/11/archdischild-2017-313375ednote.full|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=|issue=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> The Archives of Disease in Childhood held an investigation but failed to retract the study, instead publishing an extensive editor's note.<ref name="SmileCorrection"/> == Learn more == *[[Open data]] *[[Open access]] *[[Peer review]] == See also == *[[Alem Matthees]] won a Freedom of Information Act tribunal for the release of the PACE trial data. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Clinical trial terminology]] [[Category:Research terminology]]
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