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Muscle spasm
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{{NeedsImage}} '''Muscle spasms''' or '''cramp''', also known as '''involuntary hypertonicity''', are unintentional and painful muscle contractions.<ref name="drugscom" /> The pain from spasms is very sharp and intense, for example waking someone suddenly in the night, and the muscle may sometimes look hard under the skin.<ref name="cramp">{{Cite web|url = https://www.drugs.com/mcd/muscle-cramp.html| title = Muscle cramp |website =drugs.com |access-date = 2021-02-20}}</ref> Spasms can make it impossible to use the muscle temporarily.<ref name="cramp" /> ==Prevalence== ==Symptom recognition== Muscle spasms are not considered a diagnostic criteria for [[ME/CFS]], but have been found to occur in people with ME/CFS.<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref><ref name="CCC">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande| title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols| journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 |issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 |url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf}}</ref><ref name="fukuda1994">{{Cite journal | last = Fukuda | first = K. | authorlink = Keiji Fukuda | last2 = Straus | first2 = S.E. | authorlink2 = Stephen Straus | last3 = Hickie | first3 = I. | authorlink3 = Ian Hickie | last4 = Sharpe | first4 = M.C. | authorlink4=Michael Sharpe | last5 = Dobbins | first5 = J.G. | author-link5 = James Dobbins | last6 = Komaroff | first6 = A. | authorlink6 = Anthony Komaroff | date = 1994-12-15 | title = The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Sharpe2/publication/247808895_The_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_A_Comprehensive_Approach_to_Its_Definition_and_Study/links/0c96053201643bfc4b000000/The-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-A-Comprehensive-Approach-to-Its-Definition-and-Study.pdf | journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=121|issue=12 | pages = 953β959|issn=0003-4819|pmid=7978722|via=|publisher=American College of Physicians}}</ref> Muscle spasm is a potential symptom of [[Long COVID]] in the [[World Health Organization Long COVID diagnostic criteria|World Health Organization]]'s definition.<ref name="WHO-longcovid-criteria">{{citation | title = A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus | date = Oct 6, 2021 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] | others = World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition working group on post COVID-19 condition | first1 = Joan B. | last1 = Soriano | first2 = Maya | last2 = Allan | first3 = Carine | last3 = Alsokhn | first4 = Nisreen A. | last4 = Alwan | authorlink4 = Nisreen Alwan | first5 = Lisa | last5 = Askie | first6 = Hannah E. | last6 = Davis | authorlink6 = Hannah Davis | first7 = Janet V. | last7 = Diaz | first8 = Tarun | last8 = Dua | first9 = Wouter | last9 = de Groote | first10 = Robert | last10 = Jakob | first11 = Marta | last11 = Lado | first12 = John | last12 = Marshall | first13 = Srin | last13 = Murthy | first14 = Jacobus | last14 = Preller | first15 = Pryanka | last15 = Relan | first16 = Nicoline | last16 = Schiess | first17 = Archana | last17 = Seahwag | ref = WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/Post_COVID-19_condition/Clinical_case_definition/2021.1 | url = https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1}}</ref> ==Notable studies== ==Possible causes== Muscle spasms can occur as a result of many different illnesses including: *[[ME/CFS]] and other [[Nervous system|neurological]] illnesses<ref name="cramp" /><ref name="CCC" /> *[[Gulf War Illness]]<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url = https://www.drugs.com/condition/muscle-spasm.html|access-date = 2021-02-20 | website = drugs.com | title = Muscle spasm (Involuntary Hypertonicity)}}</ref><ref name="CCC" />{{Rp|22}} *Diabetes, [[Thyroid hormone|thyroid]] or liver conditions<ref name="cramp" /> Spasms can also be caused by * injury * dehydration * prolonged [[exercise]], especially in hot weather * low levels of [[potassium]], [[magnesium]] or [[calcium]], which can result from using diuretics * pregnancy * nerve compression, particularly in the spine.<ref name="drugscom" /><ref name="cramp" /> ==Treatments == Drugs that treat spams are known as '''muscle relaxants''' or '''antispasmodics'''.<ref name="drugscom" /> The [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] suggests treating muscle spasms in [[ME/CFS]] with: *Heat, both general and local heat *[[Baclofen]] (used off-label)<ref name="CCC" /> The [[International Consensus Criteria]] primer for clinicians suggests using [[magnesium]] sulphate.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> Muscle spasms can also be treated with skeletal and muscle relaxants such as carisoprodol, metaxalone, methocarbamol, tizanidine, orphenadrine and cyclobenzaprine.<ref name="drugscom" /> Alternative drugs for muscle spasms include [[diazepam]] (Valium), and [[medical marijuana]] (cannabis), although this has less scientific evidence.<ref name="drugscom" /> ==See also== *[[Baclofen]] *[[Muscle fasciculations]] (twitching without pain) *[[Pain]] *[[:Category:Muscle relaxants|Muscle relaxants]] (category) ==Learn more== *[https://www.drugs.com/conditions/muscle-spasm.html Muscle spasm] - drugs.com *[https://www.drugs.com/mcd/muscle-cramp.html Muscle cramp] - drugs.com ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Muscular signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders]] [[Category:Long COVID signs and symptoms]]
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