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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
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'''Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors''', or '''muscarinic receptors''' (mAChRs), are [[acetylcholine]] receptors that form G protein-coupled receptors in the cell membranes of certain [[neuron]]s and other cells.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Aronstam | first = R.S. | last2 = Patil | first2 = P. | date = 2009-01-01 | editor-last = Squire|editor-first = Larry R. | title=Muscarinic Receptors: Autonomic Neurons|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080450469006926|language=en|location=Oxford|publisher=Academic Press|pages=1141β1149|isbn=978-0-08-045046-9}}</ref> They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the [[parasympathetic nervous system]].{{citation needed | date = Aug 2020}} ==Subtypes== There are five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes: *M1 receptors, also known as simply mAChRs *M2 receptors *M3 receptors *M4 receptors *M5 receptors<ref name=Bynke2020 /> ==ME/CFS== In 2015, a relatively large German study found 29% of [[ME/CFS]] patients had elevated autoantibodies to M3 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as [[Adrenergic_receptor#Beta_adrenergic_receptors|Ξ²2 adrenergic receptors]].<ref name="Loebel2016">{{Cite journal | last = Loebel | first = Madlen | last2 = Grabowski | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Heidecke | first3 = Harald | last4 = Bauer | first4 = Sandra | last5 = Hanitsch | first5 = Leif G. | last6 = Wittke | first6 = Kirsten | last7 = Meisel | first7 = Christian | last8 = Reinke | first8 = Petra | last9 = Volk | first9 = Hans-Dieter | date = Feb 2016 | title = Antibodies to Ξ² adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399744|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=52|pages=32β39|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26399744}}</ref> In 2020, a small Sweden study confirmed these results in two different patient cohorts.<ref name=Bynke2020 /> The study assessed patients with moderate ME who met the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria|Canadian]] and [[International Consensus Criteria|international consensus criteria]] for [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]], plus the [[Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease]] criteria, and found that the majority of patients had raised blood plasma concentration of Ξ²1 and Ξ²2 [[adrenergic receptor]] autoantibodies, and M3 and M4 muscarinic receptor autoantibodies. Levels in [[cerebrospinal fluid]] levels were normal. Only 25% of healthy controls had raised autoantibody levels.<ref name=Bynke2020 /> These findings supported the [[autoimmune hypothesis]] for a subset of patients. == Notable studies == * 2016, Antibodies to Ξ² adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Loebel2016" /> - [[pubmed:26399744|(Full text)]] *2020, Autoantibodies to beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) patients β A validation study in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from two Swedish cohorts<ref name=Bynke2020>{{Cite journal | last = Bynke | first = Annie | authorlink = | last2 = Julin | first2 = Per | authorlink2 = | last3 = Gottfries | first3 = Carl-Gerhard | authorlink3 = Carl-Gerhard Gottfries | last4 = Heidecke | first4 = Harald | author-link4 = | last5 = Scheibenbogen | first5 = Carmen | authorlink5 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | last6 = Bergquist | first6 = Jonas | authorlink6 = Jonas Bergquist | date = 2020-08-01 | title = Autoantibodies to beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) patients β A validation study in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from two Swedish cohorts|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354620300727|journal=Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health|language=en|volume=7|issue=|pages=100107|doi=10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100107|issn=2666-3546|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354620300727 (Full text)] == Articles and blogs == * 2015, [http://www.meaction.net/2015/09/26/antibodies-found-in-subset-of-cfs-patients/ Autobodies found in a subset of CFS patients] - #MEAction ==See also== *[[Acetylcholine]] *[[Adrenergic receptor]] *[[Autoimmune hypothesis]] *[[Neurotransmitter]] == Learn more == * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080450469006926 Muscarinic receptors - autonomic neurons] - Oxford Academic Press *[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2019.10.007 Targeting Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors for the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders] (2019) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Protein receptors]]
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