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Mold hypothesis
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The '''mold hypothesis''' is the hypothesis that mold exposure is implicated in the onset of ME/CFS, or in perpetuating or worsening it. It came to prominence by discovery of toxic mold in the clusters of "mystery malady" that had baffled the CDC into creating the Chronic fatigue Syndrome.{{Citation needed|reason= | date = 20 July 2022}} == Evidence == The evidence was found by school authorities and testing by mold remediation companies after CFS researchers failed to locate literature and proper testing for toxic mold, and had prematurely concluded that the clusters of illness must be solely due to viral causes.{{Citation needed|reason= | date = 20 July 2022}} In 2013 a study of 112 CFS patients found 93% were positive for at least one mycotoxin. In the study, this was compared to a previously tested group of healthy controls without a history of exposure to water damaged buildings or a moldy environment, where no positive cases were found.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2013-04-11|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705282/|journal=Toxins|volume=5|issue=4 | pages = 605β617 | last = Brewer | first = Joseph H. | last2 = Thrasher | first2 = Jack D. | last3 = Straus | first3 = David C. | last4 = Madison | first4 = Roberta A. | last5 = Hooper | first5 = Dennis|doi=10.3390/toxins5040605|pmc=3705282|pmid=23580077|issn=2072-6651}}</ref> The study was criticized in letters to the journal for the choice of the comparison group, because specifically choosing a comparison group without a history of mold exposure could bias the study towards finding more mycotoxins in the CFS group.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Comment on Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Toxins 2013, 5, 605β617 | date = 2016-11-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127121/|journal=Toxins|volume=8|issue=11|pages=324 | last = Mendell | first = Mark J.|doi=10.3390/toxins8110324|pmc=5127121|pmid=27827984|issn=2072-6651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Comment on Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Toxins 2013, 5, 605β617 | date = 2016-11-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127119/|journal=Toxins|volume=8|issue=11|pages=322 | last = Osterman | first = John W.|doi=10.3390/toxins8110322|pmc=5127119|pmid=27827982|issn=2072-6651}}</ref> The authors replied saying that their study was just a clinical observation study, and that it was useful for hypothesis generation for future studies.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Reply to Comment on Detection of Mycotoxin in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Toxins 2013, 5, 605-617 by Mark J. Mendell | date = 2016-11-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127122/|journal=Toxins|volume=8|issue=11|pages=325 | last = Brewer | first = Joseph | last2 = Thrasher | first2 = Jack Dwayne | last3 = Hooper | first3 = Dennis|doi=10.3390/toxins8110325|pmc=5127122|pmid=27827985|issn=2072-6651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Reply to Comment on Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Toxins 2013, 5, 605β617 by John W. Osterman, M.D. | date = 2016-11-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127120/|journal=Toxins|volume=8|issue=11|pages=323 | last = Brewer | first = Joseph | last2 = Thrasher | first2 = Jack Dwayne | last3 = Hooper | first3 = Dennis|doi=10.3390/toxins8110323|pmc=5127120|pmid=27827983|issn=2072-6651}}</ref> A 2019 study looked at 236 ME/CFS patients that had a prior history of mold exposure, and found evidence of at least one mycotoxin in 92.4% of the patients. The [[ME Association]] noted various limitations to the study, including the lack of a control group, the selection of patients on the basis of past exposure to mold, which would lead to a higher detection rate of mycotoxins, and the lack of knowledge about mold prevalence in the general population. The authors of the study stated it was preliminary.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Prevalence of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins (Ochratoxin, Aflatoxin, and Gliotoxin) and Their Distribution in the Urinalysis of ME/CFS Patients | date = Jan 2022|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/4/2052|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=19|issue=4|pages=2052 | last = Wu | first = Ting Yu | last2 = Khorramshahi | first2 = Taura | last3 = Taylor | first3 = Lindsey A. | last4 = Bansal | first4 = Nikita S. | last5 = Rodriguez | first5 = Betsy | last6 = Rey | first6 = Irma R.|language=en|doi=10.3390/ijerph19042052|issn=1660-4601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meassociation.org.uk/2022/02/research-roundup-me-cfs-research-published-15-21-february-2022/ | title = Research Roundup: ME/CFS Research Published 15-21 February 2022 {{!}} The ME Association | date = 2022-02-25 | website = meassociation.org.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> == Research == In 2019 Professor [[Ronald Davis|Ron Davis]] said that his group was considering conducting experiments to explore the possible role of mold in ME/CFS, and suggested it needed to be explored. However he noted difficulties with complexity and funding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paradigmchange.me/wp/davis/ | title = Stanford Professor Ron Davis Discusses ME/CFS and Toxic Mold Issues | last = Foundry | first = The Theme | website = Paradigm Change|language=en-US|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref> ==Notable studies== *2013, Detection of mycotoxins in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Brewer, 2013" /> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705282/ (Full Text)] ==Learn more== * [https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2013/04/13/study-suggests-mold-exposure-can-cause-severe-effect-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-finally-meet-mold-study-finds-high-rates-of-m/ Study Suggests Mold Exposure Can Cause Severe Effects in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)] by [[Cort Johnson]] in [[Health Rising]] ==See also== *[[Mold avoidance]] *[[Mold illness]] *[[Joseph Brewer]] *[[Pesticide exposure link to ME/CFS]] ==References== <references> <ref name="Brewer, 2013">{{Citation | last1 = Brewer | first1 = Joseph H. | authorlink1 = Joseph Brewer | last2 = Thrasher | first2 = Jack D. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Straus | first3 = David C. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Madison | first4 = Roberta A. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Hooper | first5 = Dennis | authorlink5 = | title = Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Toxins | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | page = 605-617 | date = 2013 | pmid = | doi = 10.3390/toxins5040605 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Medical hypotheses]]
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