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Mitochondrion
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==Infection and immunity== Mitochondria play a crucial role in [[innate immune system|innate immunity]], namely through their induction of [[interferon]] production and apoptosis through [[mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein]] (MAVS).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://jvi.asm.org/content/84/5/2421.short | title = The Interferon Stimulator Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Facilitates Cell Death by Disrupting the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and by Activating Caspases | last = Yu | first = Chia-Yi | date = December 2009 | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 2421-2431 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02174-09 |via=}}</ref> Many viruses, including [[Coxsackievirus B3]], [[echovirus]] 7, and [[enterovirus]] 71 inhibit interferon induction and evade host immunity by cleaving or downregulating MAVS.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436888?dopt=Abstract | title = The coxsackievirus B 3C protease cleaves MAVS and TRIF to attenuate host type I interferon and apoptotic signaling | last = Mukherjee | first = A | date = March 2011|journal=PLoS Pathology|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> [[Herpes simplex virus]] (HSV-1),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Derakhshan | first = Mohammed | date = August 1, 2006 | title = Human herpesvirus 1 protein US3 induces an inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport|url=http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81949-0|journal=Journal of General Virology|volume=87|pages=2155-2159|via=}}</ref> influenza virus,<ref name=":0" /> and poliovirus<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Koundouris | first = A | date = May 2000 | title = Poliovirus Induces an Early Impairment of Mitochondrial Function by Inhibiting Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10814509|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=271 | pages = 610-4|via=}}</ref> have all been found to reduce [[cellular respiration]]. Hepatitis C reduces [[aerobic metabolism]] and upregulates [[glycolysis]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ripoli | first = Maria | date = October 2009 | title = Hepatitis C Virus-Linked Mitochondrial Dysfunction Promotes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1Ξ±-Mediated Glycolytic Adaptation | url =http://jvi.asm.org/content/84/1/647.short|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
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