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Menstrual cycle
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== Health effects in other conditions == The menstrual cycle can have effects on the timing and severity of symptoms of women suffering from many different conditions, including [[epilepsy]], [[migraine]]s, [[asthma]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal | last = Reid | first = Robert L. | last2 = Case | first2 = Allison M. | date = 1998-07-13 | title = Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Medical Disorders|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/208109|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=158|issue=13|pages=1405β1412|doi=10.1001/archinte.158.13.1405|issn=0003-9926}}</ref> Many women with [[epilepsy]] have patterns of seizure activity linked to their menstrual cycles, called [[catamenial epilepsy]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Herzog|first = Andrew G. | date = 2008-03-01 | title = Catamenial epilepsy: Definition, prevalence pathophysiology and treatment|url=https://www.seizure-journal.com/article/S1059-1311(07)00233-6/abstract|journal=Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy|language=English|volume=17|issue=2|pages=151β159|doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2007.11.014|issn=1059-1311|pmid=18164632}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Herzog|first = Andrew G. | last2 = Harden | first2 = Cynthia L. | last3 = Liporace | first3 = Joyce | last4 = Pennell | first4 = Page | last5 = Schomer | first5 = Donald L. | last6 = Sperling | first6 = Michael | last7 = Fowler | first7 = Kristen | last8 = Nikolov | first8 = Blagovast | last9 = Shuman | first9 = Sevie | date = 2004 | title = Frequency of catamenial seizure exacerbation in women with localization-related epilepsy|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.20214|journal=Annals of Neurology|language=en|volume=56|issue=3 | pages = 431β434|doi=10.1002/ana.20214|issn=1531-8249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Herzog|first = Andrew G. | last2 = Klein | first2 = Pavel | last3 = Rand | first3 = Bernard J. | date = 1997 | title=Three Patterns of Catamenial Epilepsy|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01197.x|journal=Epilepsia|language=en|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1082β1088|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01197.x|issn=1528-1167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = The Influence of Gonadal Hormones on Neuronal Excitability, Seizures, and Epilepsy in the Female | date = 2006 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00672.x|journal=Epilepsia|volume=47|issue=9|pages=1423β1440 | last = Scharfman | first = Helen E. | last2 = MacLusky | first2 = Neil J.|language=en|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00672.x|issn=1528-1167}}</ref> [[Seizure]] activity increases just before ovulation and just before menstruation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Reid | first = Robert L. | last2 = Case | first2 = Allison M. | date = 1998-07-13 | title = Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Medical Disorders|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/208109|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=158|issue=13|pages=1405β1412|doi=10.1001/archinte.158.13.1405|issn=0003-9926}}</ref> Abrupt estrogen withdrawal, such as what occurs just prior to menstruation, can trigger [[migraine]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Brandes | first = Jan Lewis | date = 2006-04-19 | title = The Influence of Estrogen on Migraine: A Systematic Review | url =https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/202685|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=295|issue=15|pages=1824β1830|doi=10.1001/jama.295.15.1824|issn=0098-7484}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Women with [[rheumatoid arthritis]] experienced reduced symptoms after ovulation, owing potentially to the anti-inflammatory effects of [[progesterone]] and [[estrogen]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Latman | first = Neal S. | date = 1983-06-01 | title = Relation of menstrual cycle phase to symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis|url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(83)90789-1/abstract|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|language=English|volume=74|issue=6 | pages = 957β960|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(83)90789-1|issn=0002-9343}}</ref> In a retrospective study, 72% of women with [[fibromyalgia]] reported a worsening of symptoms just before their periods.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Γstensen | first = Monika | last2 = Rugelsjoen | first2 = Anne | last3 = Wigers | first3 = Sigrid Horven | date = 1997-01-01 | title = The Effect of Reproductive Events and Alterations of Sex Hormone Levels on the Symptoms of Fibromyalgia|url=https://doi.org/10.3109/03009749709065698|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology|volume=26|issue=5 | pages = 355β360|doi=10.3109/03009749709065698|issn=0300-9742|pmid=9385346}}</ref> Women with these diseases may experiencing a worsening of symptoms at specific points in their menstrual cycle, particularly just before or around their periods.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Zierau|first = Oliver| date = 2012 | title = Role of female sex hormones, estradiol and progesterone, in mast cell behavior |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377947/|journal=Front Immunol|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
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