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[[File:Melatonin-sleep-tablets-OTC.jpg|alt=Two round white melatonin tablets next to a bottle of melatonin tablets.|thumb]] '''Melatonin''', also sold under the brand names '''Circadin Adaflex''', '''Ceyesto''', '''Syncrodin''' and '''Slenyto''', is a hormone produced in the pineal gland which regulates sleep and wakefulness.<ref name="Hardeland2005">{{cite journal | author = Hardeland R | title = Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance | journal = Endocrine | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 119β30 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16217125 | doi = 10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119 }}</ref><ref name="emc" /> It is involved in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake timing, blood pressure and [[Temperature dysregulation|body temperature regulation]], cardiovascular efficiency and muscle strength, and many others.<ref name="Altun2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altun A, Ugur-Altun B | title = Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization | journal = Int. J. Clin. Pract. | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 835β45 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17298593 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x }}</ref><ref name="hardeland2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hardeland R, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP | title = Melatonin | journal = The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 313β6 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16219483 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.020 }}</ref> ==Theory == Many of melatonin's biological effects are produced through activation of melatonin receptors,<ref name="Boutin2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P | title = Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions | journal = Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 412β19 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15992934 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006 }}</ref> while others are due to its role as an [[antioxidant]],<ref name="Hardeland2005" /> with a particular role in the protection of nuclear and [[mitochondria|mitochondrial]] DNA.<ref name="Reiter2001">{{citation |vauthors=Reiter RJ, AcuΓ±a-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S | title = Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 939 | issue = | pages = 200β15 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11462772 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x }}</ref> Melatonin over-the-counter supplements or medication are commonly used for helping people get to sleep or stay asleep.<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web|url = http://www.drugs.com/melatonin.html| title = Melatonin|access-date = 2021-03-04 | website = drugs.com}}</ref><ref name="emc"/> ==ME/CFS == ==Evidence == As a medicine, it is used for the treatment of [[insomnia]], however, scientific evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a benefit in this area.<ref name="Bra2015">{{citation | vauthors = Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, Olson CM, Carlyle M, Diem S, Koffel E, Khawaja IS, Ouellette J, Butler M, Kane RL, Wilt TJ | title = Management of Insomnia Disorder [Internet] | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26844312 }}</ref> Melatonin is also used for [[sleep dysfunction]]. As a medicine, some forms of melatonin are licensed for use for [[insomnia]] or sleep in children with ADHD.<ref name="emc"/> ==Costs and availability== In [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], melatonin is sold over-the-counter. In other countries, such as the [[United Kingdom]], it is only available with a prescription but may be legal to import for personal use. ==Dosage== Typical doseage for melatonin is 1-5mg per night.<ref name="emc" /> ==Risks and safety == Melatonin should only be used after doctor's advice in people with an [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune disease],<ref name="emc">{{Cite web | title = Slenyto 5 mg prolonged-release tablets|website=electronic medicines compendium |access-date = Mar 4, 2021|url=https://emc-prod-ukwest-wa.azurewebsites.net/emc/product/10024/smpc}}</ref> however ME/CFS is not classed as an autoimmune disease at present despite the presence of some [[:Category:Immune signs and symptoms|immune symptoms]].<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref><ref name="ICD11">{{cite web | title = ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f569175314 | last = World Health Organization | first = | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = 2020 | website = icd.who.int|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 May 2020|quote=Diseases of the nervous system}}</ref><ref name="CDC-IOM-SEIDcriteria">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/diagnosis/iom-2015-diagnostic-criteria.html | title = IOM 2015 Diagnostic Criteria {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | date = Jan 27, 2021|access-date = 2021-02-25}}</ref> ===Side effects === Melatonin side effects are usually mild, these can include: *[[Daytime sleepiness]]/tiredness *[[Headache]]s *[[Stomach pain|stomach ache]] *[[Nausea]] *[[Dizziness]] *[[Irritability]] or restlessness *[[Dry mouth]] *[[Dry skin|Dry]] or [[skin itch|itchy skin]] *[[Pain]]s in your arms or legs *Strange or vivid dreams *Night sweats<ref name="NHS">{{Cite web | url = https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/melatonin/side-effects-of-melatonin/| title = Side effects of melatonin| website= NHS|access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="drugscom"/> ==Notable studies== *1996, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8842569 Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="melationincfs1996">{{Cite journal | issn = 0144-5979| volume = 16 | issue = 4| pages = 327β337| last1 = Williams | first1 = G. | last2 = Pirmohamed | first2 = J. | last3 = Minors | first3 = D. | last4 = Waterhouse | first4 = J. | last5 = Buchan | first5 = I. | last6 = Arendt | first6 = J. | last7 = Edwards | first7 = R.H. | title = Dissociation of body-temperature and melatonin secretion circadian rhythms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England)| date = July 1996 | pmid = 8842569}}</ref> * 2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27226183 Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone.]<ref name="melatoninms2016">{{Cite journal | issn = 1899-1505| volume = 67 | issue = 2| pages = 235β242| last1 = Adamczyk-Sowa | first1 = M. | last2 = Sowa | first2 = P. | last3 = Adamczyk | first3 = J. | last4 = Niedziela | first4 = N. | last5 = Misiolek | first5 = H. | last6 = Owczarek | first6 = M. | last7 = Zwirska-Korczala | first7 = K.| title = Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone| journal = Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology: An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27226183}}</ref> ==News articles == * 2023, [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/01/health/melatonin-overuse-wellness/index.html Using melatonin for sleep is on the rise, study says, despite potential health harms] - CNN ==Learn more== *[http://www.drugs.com/melatonin.html Drugs.com] - Melatonin *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin Wikipedia - Melatonin] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Neurotransmitters and hormones]] [[Category:Hormones]] [[Category:Supplements]] [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics]] [[Category:Sleep aids and hypnotics]]
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