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Mast cell
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== Role in human disease == === Mast cell activation syndrome === {{Main article|page_name=Mast cell activation syndrome}} [[Mast cell activation syndrome]] (MCAS) is a condition in which mast cells are over-responsive to various environmental triggers. When mast cells are over-responsive the result can be an increase in the release of [[histamine]] and other inflammatory molecules. Excessive inflammation can result from such a condition. MCAS is often found in patients with [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] (EDS) and [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS), a form of [[orthostatic intolerance]],<ref>Milner, Joshua, Dr. "Research Update: POTS, EDS, MCAS Genetics." 2015 Dysautonomia International Conference & CME. Washington DC. Dysautonomia International Research Update: POTS, EDS, MCAS Genetics. Web. <https://vimeo.com/142039306></ref> two conditions commonly co-morbid with [[ME/CFS|ME]]. The overlap between EDS, POTS, and MCAS is thought to be due to increased [[tryptase]] production owing to an extra copy of a gene called TPSAB.<ref name="Cheung2015">{{Cite journal | last = Cheung|first = Ingrid | date = Feb 2015 | title = A New Disease Cluster: Mast Cell Activation Syndrome, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|url=http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)02927-3/abstract|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> MCAS should be distinguished from [[mastocytosis]], a genetic disorder causing excessive production of mast cells. ===Myalgic Encephalomyelitis=== Research on the relationship between mast cells and ME is in its infancy. One study found that individuals diagnosed with moderate to severe [[ME/CFS|ME]] have been noted to have higher amounts of dysfunctional mast cells in circulation.<ref name="Nguyen2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nguyen | first1 = T. | authorlink = Thao Nguyen | last2 = Johnston | first2 = S. | authorlink2=Samantha Johnston | last3 = Chacko | first3 = A. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Gibson | first4 = D. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Cepon | first5 = J. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Smith|first6 = D. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Staines | first7 = D. | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Marshall-Gradisnik|first8 = S. | authorlink8 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | title = Novel characterisation of mast cell phenotypes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients|journal= Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol |volume =35|issue = 2|page =75-81 | date = 2017|doi= 10.12932/AP0771}}</ref> At a two-day physician summit in Salt Lake City, Utah March 2018, physicians discussed the relationship between “Chronic Fatigue Syndrome” and mast cell activation syndrome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893858 | title = Mast Cell Activation May Underlie 'Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'|website=Medscape | date = 2018-03-13|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref> *[[David Kaufman]]: "ME/CFS is a descriptive diagnosis of a bunch of symptoms, but it says nothing about what's causing the symptoms, which is probably part of the reason it's so hard for it to get recognition. So, the question becomes, What other pathology is driving this illness and making the person feel so ill? I think mast cell activation is one of those drivers, whether cause, effect, or perpetuator, I don't know." *[[Charles Lapp]]: "I see a lot of this. I think it's one of the many overlap syndromes that we've been missing for years." *[[Susan Levine]]: "I suspect 50% to 60% of ME/CFS patients have it. It's a very new concept."...In Levine's experience, MCAS often manifests in patients being unable to tolerate certain foods or medications. "If we can reduce the mast cell problem, we can facilitate taking other drugs to treat ME/CFS," she said. However, she also cautioned, "It's going to be a subset, not all ME/CFS patients." === Fibromyalgia === Over expression of mast cells has been observed in the skin of patients with fibromyalgia.<ref name="Ang2015">{{Cite journal | last = Ang|first = D.C. | last2 = Hilligoss | first2 = J. | last3 = Stump | first3 = T. | date = 2015 | title=Mast Cell Stabilizer (Ketotifen) in Fibromyalgia: Phase 1 Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417653/|journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain|volume=31|issue=9 | pages = 836–842|pmc=PMC4417653|pmid=25370135|via=}}</ref> === Endometriosis ===
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