Long COVID pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Long COVID]] | * [[Long COVID]] | ||
==Notable studies == | |||
*Jun 2021, Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms<ref name="Proal2021">{{Cite journal|last=Proal|first=Amy D.|author-link=Amy Proal|last2=VanElzakker|first2=Michael B.|author-link2=Michael VanElzakker|date=2021|title=Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169|issn=1664-302X|pmc=8260991|pmid=34248921|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.24.20248802 (Full text)] | |||
*2020, Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria<ref name="PMC7737559">{{Cite journal|last=Raveendran|first=A.V.|date=2021|title=Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7737559/|journal=Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=15|issue=1|pages=145–146|doi=10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.025|issn=1871-4021|pmc=7737559|pmid=33341598}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7737559/ (Full text)] | |||
*2020, Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID<ref name="Dennis2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dennis|first=Andrea|author-link=|last2=Wamil|first2=Malgorzata|author-link2=|last3=Kapur|first3=Sandeep|author-link3=|last4=Alberts|first4=Johann|author-link4=|last5=Badley|first5=Andrew D.|author-link5=|last6=Decker|first6=Gustav Anton|author-link6=|last7=Rizza|first7=Stacey A.|last8=Banerjee|first8=Rajarshi|last9=Banerjee|first9=Amitava|author-link9=|date=2020-10-16|title=Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555v1|journal=medRxiv|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=2020.10.14.20212555|doi=10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555 (Full text)] | |||
*2020, Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid)<ref name="NIHR15Oct2020">{{Cite web|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19|title=Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid).|last=NIHR|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=Oct 2020|doi=10.3310/themedreview_41169 | |||
|website=evidence.nihr.ac.uk|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> [https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19 (Full text)] | |||
== Learn more == | == Learn more == | ||
Revision as of 19:58, August 11, 2021
Long COVID, long tail covid, Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), post-acute COVID-19 and ongoing COVID are terms used to describe a group of long term health problems that are found in a significant minority of people who developed COVID-19 and remain ill a number of weeks or months later.
Overview[edit | edit source]
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Infection and immunity[edit | edit source]
A range of antibodies have been found in patients with persistent post-acute COVID symptoms. Elevated G-protein coupled receptor autoantibodies have been found.[1] One study founded elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titles in 43.6% of long COVID patients twelve months after symptom onset.[2]
Long COVID may be associated herpesvirus reactivation such as Epstein-Barr Virus,[3] which has been shown to cause elevations of certain G-protein coupled receptor autoantibody types.[4][5][6][7][8]
Neurological and neuropsychiatric[edit | edit source]
Cardiovascular[edit | edit source]
Pulmonary[edit | edit source]
In a single cardiopulmonary exercise test, Post-COVID-19 patients exhibited markedly reduced peak exercise aerobic capacity (VO2) compared to controls and impaired oxygen extraction, even in those without cardiopulmonary disease.[9]
Comparison to other conditions[edit | edit source]
| Findings | Long COVID | Post-acute SARS | ME/CFS | POTS | MCAS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-protein coupled receptor autoantibodies | β2- and α1-adrenoceptors, angiotensin II AT1-, muscarinic M2-, MAS-, nociceptin- and ETA-receptors | M3 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as ß2 adrenergic receptors | α1, β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor autoantibodies | ||
Post-SARS syndrome[edit | edit source]
ME/CFS[edit | edit source]
Postviral fatigue syndrome[edit | edit source]
Chronic fatigue and Idiopathic chronic fatigue[edit | edit source]
POTS[edit | edit source]
MCAS[edit | edit source]
Post-Ebola syndrome[edit | edit source]
Chronic Epstein-Barr virus[edit | edit source]
Alzheimer's disease[edit | edit source]
Traumatic Brain Injury[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
Notable studies[edit | edit source]
- Jun 2021, Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms[10] - (Full text)
- 2020, Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria[11] (Full text)
- 2020, Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID[12] - (Full text)
- 2020, Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid)[13] (Full text)
Learn more[edit | edit source]
- Long COVID Resource Hub (database of Long COVID research)
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Functional autoantibodies against G-protein coupled receptors in patients with persistent Long-COVID-19 symptoms". Journal of Translational Autoimmunity. 4: 100100. January 1, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100100. ISSN 2589-9090.
- ↑ Seeßle, Jessica; Waterboer, Tim; Hippchen, Theresa; Simon, Julia; Kirchner, Marietta; Lim, Adeline; Müller, Barbara; Merle, Uta (July 5, 2021). "Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study". Clinical Infectious Diseases (ciab611). doi:10.1093/cid/ciab611. ISSN 1058-4838.
- ↑ Gold, Jeffrey E.; Okyay, Ramazan A.; Licht, Warren E.; Hurley, David J. (2021/6). "Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation". Pathogens. 10 (6): 763. doi:10.3390/pathogens10060763. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Angelini, Lucia; Bardare, Maria; Martini, Alberto (2002). Immune-mediated Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Children.
- ↑ Gebhardt, B. M. (June 26, 2000). "Evidence for antigenic cross-reactivity between herpesvirus and the acetylcholine receptor". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 105 (2): 145–153. ISSN 0165-5728. PMID 10742556.
- ↑ Brenner, T.; Timore, Y.; Wirguin, I.; Abramsky, O.; Steinitz, M. (October 1989). "In vitro synthesis of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor by Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated B-lymphocytes derived from patients with myasthenia gravis". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 24 (3): 217–222. ISSN 0165-5728. PMID 2553772.
- ↑ Kaminski, Henry J.; Janos, Minarovits. "Epstein-barr virus: Trigger for autoimmunity?". Annals of Neurology. ISSN 0364-5134.
- ↑ "Official Brain & Life Home Page". journals.lww.com. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
- ↑ Singh, Inderjit; Joseph, Phillip; Heerdt, Paul M.; Cullinan, Marjorie; Lutchmansingh, Denyse D.; Gulati, Mridu; Possick, Jennifer D.; Systrom, David M.; Waxman, Aaron B. (August 10, 2021). "Persistent Exertional Intolerance after COVID-19: Insights from Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing". CHEST. 0 (0). doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.010. ISSN 0012-3692.
- ↑ Proal, Amy D.; VanElzakker, Michael B. (2021). "Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms". Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8260991. PMID 34248921.
- ↑ Raveendran, A.V. (2021). "Long COVID-19: Challenges in the diagnosis and proposed diagnostic criteria". Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. 15 (1): 145–146. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.025. ISSN 1871-4021. PMC 7737559. PMID 33341598.
- ↑ Dennis, Andrea; Wamil, Malgorzata; Kapur, Sandeep; Alberts, Johann; Badley, Andrew D.; Decker, Gustav Anton; Rizza, Stacey A.; Banerjee, Rajarshi; Banerjee, Amitava (October 16, 2020). "Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID". medRxiv: 2020.10.14.20212555. doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555.
- ↑ NIHR (October 2020). "Living with covid-19. A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing covid-19 symptoms (often called long covid)". evidence.nihr.ac.uk. doi:10.3310/themedreview_41169. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
