Long COVID pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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== Comparison to other conditions ==
== Comparison to other conditions ==


=== Post-acute SARS ===
=== ME/CFS ===
{{Main article|page_name=Myalgic encephalomyelitis}}
=== POTS ===
{{Main|page_name=Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}}
=== MCAS ===
{{Main|page_name=Mast cell activation syndrome}}
=== Alzheimer’s ===
=== Traumatic Brain Injury ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Findings
!Findings
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|
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=== Post-acute SARS ===
=== ME/CFS ===
{{Main article|page_name=Myalgic encephalomyelitis}}
=== POTS ===
{{Main|page_name=Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}}
=== MCAS ===
{{Main|page_name=Mast cell activation syndrome}}
=== Alzheimer’s ===
=== Traumatic Brain Injury ===


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 18:55, August 11, 2021

Long COVIDlong tail covidPost-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)post-acute COVID-19 and ongoing COVID are terms used to describe a group of long term health problems that are found in a significant minority of people who developed COVID-19 and remain ill a number of weeks or months later.

Overview[edit | edit source]

Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

Infection and immunity[edit | edit source]

A range of antibodies have been found in patients with persistent post-acute COVID symptoms. Elevated G-protein coupled receptor autoantibodies have been found.[1] One study founded elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titles in 43.6% of long COVID patients twelve months after symptom onset.[2]

Long COVID may be associated herpesvirus reactivation such as Epstein-Barr Virus,[3] which has been shown to cause elevations of certain G-protein coupled receptor autoantibody types.[4][5][6][7][8]

Neurological and neuropsychiatric[edit | edit source]

Cardiovascular[edit | edit source]

Pulmonary[edit | edit source]

In a single cardiopulmonary exercise test, Post-COVID-19 patients exhibited markedly reduced peak exercise aerobic capacity (VO2) compared to controls and impaired oxygen extraction, even in those without cardiopulmonary disease.[9]

Comparison to other conditions[edit | edit source]

Findings Long COVID Post-acute SARS ME/CFS POTS MCAS
G-protein coupled receptor autoantibodies β2- and α1-adrenoceptors, angiotensin II AT1-, muscarinic M2-, MAS-, nociceptin- and ETA-receptors M3 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as ß2 adrenergic receptors α1, β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor autoantibodies

Post-acute SARS[edit | edit source]

ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

POTS[edit | edit source]

MCAS[edit | edit source]

Alzheimer’s[edit | edit source]

Traumatic Brain Injury[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. "Functional autoantibodies against G-protein coupled receptors in patients with persistent Long-COVID-19 symptoms". Journal of Translational Autoimmunity. 4: 100100. January 1, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100100. ISSN 2589-9090.
  2. Seeßle, Jessica; Waterboer, Tim; Hippchen, Theresa; Simon, Julia; Kirchner, Marietta; Lim, Adeline; Müller, Barbara; Merle, Uta (July 5, 2021). "Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study". Clinical Infectious Diseases (ciab611). doi:10.1093/cid/ciab611. ISSN 1058-4838.
  3. Gold, Jeffrey E.; Okyay, Ramazan A.; Licht, Warren E.; Hurley, David J. (2021/6). "Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation". Pathogens. 10 (6): 763. doi:10.3390/pathogens10060763. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. Angelini, Lucia; Bardare, Maria; Martini, Alberto (2002). Immune-mediated Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Children.
  5. Gebhardt, B. M. (June 26, 2000). "Evidence for antigenic cross-reactivity between herpesvirus and the acetylcholine receptor". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 105 (2): 145–153. ISSN 0165-5728. PMID 10742556.
  6. Brenner, T.; Timore, Y.; Wirguin, I.; Abramsky, O.; Steinitz, M. (October 1989). "In vitro synthesis of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor by Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated B-lymphocytes derived from patients with myasthenia gravis". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 24 (3): 217–222. ISSN 0165-5728. PMID 2553772.
  7. Kaminski, Henry J.; Janos, Minarovits. "Epstein-barr virus: Trigger for autoimmunity?". Annals of Neurology. ISSN 0364-5134.
  8. "Official Brain & Life Home Page". journals.lww.com. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  9. Singh, Inderjit; Joseph, Phillip; Heerdt, Paul M.; Cullinan, Marjorie; Lutchmansingh, Denyse D.; Gulati, Mridu; Possick, Jennifer D.; Systrom, David M.; Waxman, Aaron B. (August 10, 2021). "Persistent Exertional Intolerance after COVID-19: Insights from Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing". CHEST. 0 (0). doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.010. ISSN 0012-3692.