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List of abnormal findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis
(section)
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== Cardiovascular system == {{Main article|page_name =Cardiovascular system}}{{Main article|page_name =Cardiac problems in ME/CFS}} === Heart === * Smaller than normal [[left ventricle]] of the [[heart]],<ref name=":8">Miwa K., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 "Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle"] Heart Vessels, July 2015</ref><ref>Hollingsworth K.G [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ "Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging"] J Intern Med 2012; 271: 264β270.</ref><ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | authorlink3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | authorlink4 = | last5 = van der Palen | first5 = J. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | authorlink6 = | last7 =Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | authorlink7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | authorlink8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | journal = Netherlands Heart Journal | volume = 24 | pages = 709β716 | date = 2016 | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref><ref>[http://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381.long Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study]</ref> [[small heart syndrome]],<ref name=":8" /> and low [[Cardiovascular system|cardiac]] output.<ref>Miwa K., Fujita M., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 "Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome"] Intern Med, 2009;48(21):1849-54</ref> * Mean age of death from heart failure of [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients is 58.7 years as compared to 83.1 years for the general population.<ref>Jason LA, Corradi K, Gress S, Williams S, Torres-Harding S, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 "Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome"] Health Care Women Int., 27(7): 615-626. 2006</ref> === Circulation === * reduced blood flow to the [[Brain|brain,]]<ref name="Natelson, 2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Natelson | first1 = Benjamin | authorlink1 = Benjamin Natelson | last2 = Mao | first2 = Xiangling | last3 = Stegner | first3 = Aaron J | last4 = Lange | first4 = Gudrun | authorlink4 = Gudrun Lange | last5 = Vu | first5 = Diana | last6 = Blate | first6 = Michelle | last7 = Kang | first7 = Guoxin | last8 = Soto | first8 = Eli | last9 = Kapusuz | first9 = Tolga | last10 = Shungu | first10 = Dikoma C | authorlink10 = Dikoma Shungu | title=Multimodal and simultaneous assessments of brain and spinal fluid abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome and the effects of psychiatric comorbidity | date = 2017 | journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences|volume=375|issue= | page = 411-416|doi=10.1016/j.jns.2017.02.046|pmid=|quote=}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal | last = Costa|first = D.C. | last2 = Tannock | first2 = C. | last3 = Brostoff | first3 = J. | date = Nov 1995 | title = Brainstem perfusion is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8542261|journal=QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|volume=88|issue=11 | pages = 767β773|issn=1460-2725|pmid=8542261}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal | last = Barnden | first = Leighton R. | last2 = Crouch | first2 = Benjamin | last3 = Kwiatek | first3 = Richard | last4 = Burnet | first4 = Richard | last5 = Mernone | first5 = Anacleto | last6 = Chryssidis | first6 = Steve | last7 = Scroop | first7 = Garry | last8 = Del Fante | first8 = Peter | date = 2011 | title = A brain MRI study of chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of brainstem dysfunction and altered homeostasis|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/nbm.1692|journal=NMR in Biomedicine|language=en|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1302β1312|doi=10.1002/nbm.1692|issn=1099-1492|pmc = 4369126|pmid=21560176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Biswal|first = Bharat | last2 = Kunwar | first2 = Pratap | last3 = Natelson | first3 = Benjamin H. | authorlink1 = Benjamin Natelson | date = 2011-02-15 | title = Cerebral blood flow is reduced in chronic fatigue syndrome as assessed by arterial spin labeling | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X10005666|journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences|volume=301|issue=1 | pages = 9β11 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2010.11.018|issn=0022-510X}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal | last = Yoshiuchi|first = Kazuhiro | last2 = Farkas | first2 = Jeffrey | last3 = Natelson | first3 = Benjamin H. | authorlink3 = Benjamin Natelson | date = 2006 | title=Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have reduced absolute cortical blood flow | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2006.00649.x|journal=Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging|language=en|volume=26|issue=2 | pages = 83β86|doi=10.1111/j.1475-097X.2006.00649.x|issn=1475-097X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Freedman | first = M. | last2 = Kirsh | first2 = J.C. | last3 = Gray | first3 = B. | last4 = Chung | first4 = D.G. | last5 = Abbey | first5 = S.E. | last6 = Salit | first6 = I.E. | last7 = Ichise | first7 = M. | date = Oct 1992 | title = Assessment of regional cerebral perfusion by 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome.|url=http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/1491843|journal=Nuclear medicine communications|volume=13|issue=10 | pages = 767β772|issn=0143-3636|pmid=1491843}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chao|first = C.C. | last2 = Hu | first2 = S. | last3 = Pheley | first3 = A.M. | last4 = Schenck | first4 = C.H. | last5 = Grammith | first5 = F.C. | last6 = Sirr | first6 = S.A. | last7 = Peterson | first7 = P.K. | date = 1994-03-01 | title = Effects of mild exercise on cytokines and cerebral blood flow in chronic fatigue syndrome patients.|url=https://cvi.asm.org/content/1/2/222|journal=Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=222β226|issn=1071-412X|pmid=7496949}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lange | first = Gudrun | last2 = Wang | first2 = Samuel | last3 = DeLuca | first3 = John | last4 = Natelson | first4 = Benjamin H. | date = 1998-09-28 | title = Neuroimaging in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002934398001752|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=105|issue=3, Supplement 1 | pages = 50Sβ53S|doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00175-2|issn=0002-9343}}</ref> even in the absence of [[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome|POTS]]/[[Neurally mediated hypotension|NMH]]<ref>{{Citation | title = CMRC Conference 2017 day 1- Prof Dr Frans Visser |url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWRA23D_MUg|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> * reduced blood flow to the heart<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Patrick Neary|first = J. | last2 = Roberts | first2 = Andy D.W. | last3 = Leavins | first3 = Nina | last4 = Harrison | first4 = Michael F. | last5 = Croll | first5 = James C. | last6 = Sexsmith | first6 = James R. | date = Nov 2008 | title = Prefrontal cortex oxygenation during incremental exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2008.00822.x|journal=Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging|volume=28|issue=6 | pages = 364β372|doi=10.1111/j.1475-097x.2008.00822.x|issn=1475-0961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Peterson | first = PK | last2 = Sirr | first2 = SA | last3 = Grammith | first3 = FC | last4 = Schenck | first4 = CH | last5 = Pheley | first5 = AM | last6 = Hu | first6 = S | last7 = Chao | first7 = C C | date = Mar 1994 | title = Effects of mild exercise on cytokines and cerebral blood flow in chronic fatigue syndrome patients.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC368231/|journal=Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=222β226|issn=1071-412X|pmid=7496949}}</ref> *peripheral endothelial dysfunction, which is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref name="endothelial2020">{{Cite journal | last = Scherbakov|first = Nadja | authorlink = | last2 = Szklarski | first2 = Marvin | author-link2 = | last3 = Hartwig | first3 = Jelka | author-link3 = | last4 = Sotzny | first4 = Franziska | author-link4 = Franziska Sotzny | last5 = Lorenz | first5 = Sebastian | author-link5 = | last6 = Meyer | first6 = Antje | authorlink6 = Antje Meyer | last7 = Grabowski | first7 = Patricia | last8 = Doehner | first8 = Wolfram | last9 = Scheibenbogen | first9 = Carmen | authorlink9 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | date = 2020 | title=Peripheral endothelial dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ehf2.12633|journal=ESC Heart Failure|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=1064β1071|doi=10.1002/ehf2.12633|issn=2055-5822|pmc = 7261521|pmid=32154656|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> === Blood vessels === === Blood === {{Main article|Brain}} * reduced [[blood]] volume<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hurwitz|first = BE | last2 = Coryell | first2 = VT | last3 = Parker | first3 = M | last4 = Martin | first4 = P | last5 = LaPerriere .... | first5 = A | last6 = Bilsker | first6 = MS | date = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: illness severity, sedentary lifestyle, blood volume and evidence of diminished cardiac function | url =http://www.clinsci.org/content/118/2/125|journal=Clinical Science|volume=118|issue=2|pages=125-135|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Streeten | first = DHP | last2 = Bell | first2 = D | date = 1998 | title=Circulating Blood Volume in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J092v04n01_02|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=4 | pages = 3-11|via=}}</ref> * abnormally shaped of [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]]<ref name="Simpson1989">{{Citation | last1 = Simpson | first1 = LO | authorlink1 = Leslie Simpson | title = Nondiscocytic erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 102 | issue = 864 | pages = 126-127 | date = 1989 | pmid = 2927808 | doi = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Richards | first = RS | last2 = Wang | first2 = L | last3 = Jelinek | first3 = H | date = Jan 2007 | title = Erythrocyte oxidative damage in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0188440906002992|journal=Archives of Medical Research|volume=38|issue=1 | pages = 94-98|via=}}</ref> * reduced oxygen uptake in [[hemoglobin]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Miller | first = Ruth R | last2 = Reid | first2 = W Darlene | last3 = Mattman | first3 = Andre | last4 = Yamabayashi | first4 = Cristiane | last5 = Steiner | first5 = Theodore | last6 = Parker | first6 = Shoshana | last7 = Gardy | first7 = Jennifer | last8 = Tang | first8 = Patrick | last9 = Patrick | first9 = David M | date = 2015-05-20 | title = Submaximal exercise testing with near-infrared spectroscopy in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients compared to healthy controls: a caseβcontrol study|url=http://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0527-8|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12967-015-0527-8|issn=1479-5876|pmc=4438583|pmid=25990639}}</ref>
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