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[[File:Leonard Jason.png |upright| right|Source: depaul.edu]]
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'''Leonard A. Jason''', PhD, is a professor of psychology at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois, USA and Director of the Center for Community Research at DePaul University which includes the Depaul University [http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/cfs/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Project]. He was a voting member of the [[Health and Human Services]]'s [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee]] from 04/01/07-04/01/11.<ref>http://nih.granicus.com/DocumentViewer.php?file=nih_e174f9bd-ae0f-4a45-9955-827cb608db2f.pdf</ref>
'''Leonard A. Jason''', PhD, is a professor of psychology at [[DePaul University]] in Chicago, Illinois, US and Director of the Center for Community Research at DePaul University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leonardjason.com/education/ | title = Education/Academic Appointments – Leonard A. Jason|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> which includes the DePaul University Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Project. His ME/CFS research is mostly focused on the epidemiology and prevalence of the illness and on the impact of using various case definitions for diagnosis and research.<ref name=":2" />  


Dr. Jason developed [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] after contracting infectious [[mononucleosis]] in 1989, necessitating a leave of absence from his university job for a year and a half. After recovering enough to return to work, he began studying [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]: “What I found was that the illness had a lousy name, chronic fatigue syndrome,” he recalled. “It had an even worse case definition. The tests used to assess people’s psychological conditions were inappropriate. The treatments being used were inappropriate. And the prevalence data was not very good. So I said to myself, ‘Boy, I’m gonna have business for the next 20 years.’”<ref>http://www.northbynorthwestern.com/story/arrested-development/</ref> He has become one of the most respected and prolific researchers of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].
Dr. Jason developed [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] after contracting infectious [[mononucleosis]] in 1989, necessitating a leave of absence from his university job for a year and a half. After recovering enough to return to work, he began studying [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]: “What I found was that the illness had a lousy name, chronic fatigue syndrome,” he recalled. “It had an even worse case definition. The tests used to assess people’s psychological conditions were inappropriate. The treatments being used were inappropriate. And the prevalence data was not very good. So I said to myself, ‘Boy, I’m gonna have business for the next 20 years.’”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northbynorthwestern.com/story/arrested-development/ | title = Feeling fatigued: studying CFS at Northwestern|website=North by Northwestern|language=en|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref> He has become one of the most respected and prolific researchers of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].


In 2008, [[David Tuller]] profiled for ''The New York Times'' [http://www.nytimes.com/ref/health/healthguide/esn-chronicfatigue-expert.html Dr. Jason]'s experience as both living with and researching [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (ME/CFS).<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/ref/health/healthguide/esn-chronicfatigue-expert.html "Learning Firsthand About Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"]</ref>  
In 2008, [[David Tuller]] profiled for ''The New York Times'' [http://www.nytimes.com/ref/health/healthguide/esn-chronicfatigue-expert.html Dr. Jason]'s experience as both living with and researching [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (ME/CFS).<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/ref/health/healthguide/esn-chronicfatigue-expert.html | title = Well|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en}}</ref>  


==Education==
==Education==
*1975 - Ph.D., Clinical/Community Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York<ref>http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/</ref>
 
*1971 - B.A., Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts<ref>http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/</ref>
*1971 - B.A., Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/ | title = Leonard A. Jason's Home Page|website=condor.depaul.edu|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>
*1975 - Ph.D., Clinical/Community Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York<ref name=":0" />


==Awards==
==Awards==
*2015, American Psychological Association’s award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research<ref>http://www.apa.org/about/awards/applied-research.aspx?tab=4</ref>
*2013, DePaul University College of Science and Health award for Excellence in Research<ref>http://csh.depaul.edu/research/faculty-research/Pages/excellence-in-research-award.aspx</ref>
*2011, Rudy Perpich Senior Lectureship Award, presented to a distinguished CFS/FM scientist, physician or healthcare worker awarded by [[International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]]<ref>http://iacfsme.org/Organization/Former-IACFS-ME-Awardees.aspx</ref>
*2011, Tom Fellows award for outstanding contributions to the Oxford House organization<ref>http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/</ref>
*1997, CSN ACTION Champion Award from the Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome Association of America ([[CAA]])<ref>http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/</ref>


==Open letter to ''The Lancet''==
*1997, CSN ACTION Champion Award from the Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome Association of America ([[CAA]])<ref name=":0" />
Two [[open letter to the Lancet | open letters to the editor of ''The Lancet'']] urged the editor to commission a fully independent review of the [[PACE]] trial, which the journal had published in 2011. The first, written in 2015, was sign by Dr. Jason and 5 of his colleagues. In 2016, thirty-six additional colleagues in the [[ME/CFS]] field, signed the second letter.
*2011, Rudy Perpich Senior Lectureship Award, presented to a distinguished CFS/FM scientist, physician or healthcare worker awarded by [[International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iacfsme.org/iacfs-me-awardees | title = IACFS/ME Awardees|website=
*13 November 2015, [http://www.virology.ws/2015/11/13/an-open-letter-to-dr-richard-horton-and-the-lancet/ An open letter to Dr. Richard Horton and The Lancet]
IACFS/ME|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*10 February 2016, [http://www.virology.ws/2016/02/10/open-letter-lancet-again/ An open letter to The Lancet, again - Virology blog]
*2011, Tom Fellows award for outstanding contributions to the Oxford House organization<ref name=":0" />
*2013, DePaul University College of Science and Health award for Excellence in Research<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csh.depaul.edu/research/faculty-research/Pages/excellence-in-research-award.aspx | title = Excellence in Research Award  {{!}}  Faculty Research  {{!}}  Research  {{!}}  College of Science and Health {{!}} DePaul University, Chicago|website=csh.depaul.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>
*2015, American Psychological Association’s award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/applied-research.aspx?tab=4 | title = Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research|website=American Psychological Association|language=en|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>


==Pediatric case definition==
== Committees and boards ==
*2006, "A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"<blockquote>"Summary: For a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), most researchers use criteria that were developed by Fukuda et al. (1994), with modifications suggested by Reeves et al. (2003). However, this case definition was established for adults rather than children. A Canadian Case Definition (ME/CFS; Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/CFS) has recently been developed, with more specific inclusion criteria (Carruthers et al., 2003). Again, the primary aim of this case definition is to diagnose adult CFS. A significant problem in the literature is the lack of both a pediatric definition of ME/CFS and a reliable instrument to assess it. These deficiencies can lead to criterion variance problems resulting in studies labeling children with a wide variety of symptoms as having ME/CFS. Subsequently, comparisons between articles become more difficult, decreasing the possibility of conducting a meta-analysis. This article presents recommendations developed by the International Association of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Pediatric Case Definition Working group for a ME/CFS pediatric case definition. It is hoped that this pediatric case definition will lead to more appropriate identification of children and adolescents with ME/CFS."<ref name="JasonL2006paed"/></blockquote>


==Studies==
===Pediatric case definition===
*2017, A content analysis of chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis in the news from 1987 to 2013<blockquote>Abstract - "Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the content of American newspaper articles (n=214) from 1987 to 2013, in order to understand how the public digests information related to Chronic Fatigue syndrome, a controversial and misunderstood illness. Methods: A novel codebook derived from the scientific literature was applied to 214 newspaper articles collected from Lexis Nexis Academic®. These articles were coded quantitatively and frequency tables were created to delineate the variables as they appeared in the articles. Results: The etiology was portrayed as organic in 64.5% (n=138) of the articles, and there was no mention of case definitions or diagnostic criteria in 56.1% (n=120) of the articles. The most common comorbidity was depression, appearing in 22.9% (n=49) of the articles. In 55.6% (n=119) of the articles, there was no mention of prevalence rates. In 50.9% (n=109) of the articles, there was no mention of any form of treatment for the illness. A total of 19.4% (n=42) of the headlines mislabeled the name of the illness. Discussion: Based on descriptive statistics of all 214 coded articles, media communicated mixed messages for salient variables such as the name of the illness, its etiology and treatment.<ref>Zachary A Siegel, Abigail Brown, Andrew Devendorf, Johanna Collier, Jason Leonard. (2017). A content analysis of chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis in the news from 1987 to 2013. ''Chronic Illness''. DOI: 10.1177/1742395317703175</ref>
*2017, Clinical criteria versus a possible research case definition in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis<ref name="Jason, McM, 2017"/>
*2017, Article - "The PACE trial missteps on pacing and patient selection"<blockquote>Abstract - "As others have pointed out a variety of complicating factors with the PACE trial (e.g. changing outcome criteria), I will limit my remarks to issues that involve the composition of adaptive pacing therapy and issues involving patient selection. My key points are that the PACE trial investigators were not successful in designing and implementing a valid pacing intervention and patient selection ambiguity further compromised the study’s outcomes."<ref name="JasonLA, 2017"/></blockquote>
*2017, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonard_Jason/publication/312936696_A_prospective_study_of_Infectious_Mononucleosis_in_college_students/links/588a23cc92851c2779b2568c/A-prospective-study-of-Infectious-Mononucleosis-in-college-students.pdf A Prospective Study of Infectious Mononucleosis in College Students]<blockquote>"Abstract - Background: The present study aims to prospectively investigate possible biological and psychological factors present in college students who will go on to develop chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) following Infectious Mononucleosis (IM). Identification of risk factors predisposing patients towards developing CFS may help to understand the underlying mechanisms and ultimately prevent its occurrence. Our study is enrolling healthy college students over the age of 18. Enrollment began in March of 2013 and is ongoing. Methods: Biological and psychological data are collected when students are well (Stage 1), when they develop IM (Stage 2), and approximately 6 months after IM diagnosis (Stage 3). Results: Two case studies demonstrate the progression of student symptomology across all three stages. Conclusion: The Case Studies presented illustrate the usefulness of a prospective research design that tracks healthy."<ref name="Jason, Katz, 2017"/></blockquote>
*2016, Comparing the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]] with physician assessments: a preliminary study<blockquote>"Results: The DSQ identified 60 and the physicians identified 56 as having a CCC diagnosis. The overall agreement between the two ratings on the diagnostic assessment part was moderate (Kappa = 0.45, p < .001). The sensitivity of DSQ was good (98%) while the specificity was 38%. Positive and negative predictive values were 92% and 75%, respectively. Conclusion: DSQ is useful for detecting and screening symptoms consistent with a CCC diagnosis in clinical practice and research. However, it is important for initial screening of self-report symptoms to be followed up by subsequent medical and psychiatric examination in order to identify possible exclusionary medical and psychiatric disorders."<ref name="Strand, 2016"/></blockquote>
*2016, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301720145_Housebound_versus_nonhousebound_patients_with_myalgic_encephalomyelitis_and_chronic_fatigue_syndrome Housebound versus nonhousebound patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome]<blockquote>"Abstract - Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome who are confined to their homes due to severe symptomatology. The existing literature fails to address differences between this group, and less severe, nonhousebound patient populations. Methods: Participants completed the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]], a measure of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome symptomology, and the SF-36, a measure of health impact on physical/mental functioning. ANOVAs and, where appropriate, MANCOVAS were used to compare housebound and nonhousebound patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome across areas of functioning, symptomatology, and illness onset characteristics. Results: Findings indicated that the housebound group represented one quarter of the sample, and were significantly more impaired with regards to physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep, pain, neurocognitive, autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune functioning compared to individuals who were not housebound. Discussion: Findings indicated that housebound patients have more impairment on functional and symptom outcomes compared to those who were not housebound. Understanding the differences between housebound and not housebound groups holds implications for physicians and researchers as they develop interventions intended for patients who are most severely affected by this chronic illness."<ref name="Pendergrast, 2016"/> </blockquote>
*2016, [https://oatext.com/Estimating-the-disease-burden-of-MECFS-in-the-United-States-and-its-relation-to-research-funding.php Estimating the disease burden of ME/CFS in the United States and its relation to research funding] <blockquote>"Abstract: At the National Institutes of Health (NIH), burden of disease is an important factor in funding decisions along with such factors as scientific opportunity, the quality of the science, and the interest of researchers. Recent studies have quantified the burden for a number of diseases in the United States and the NIH has used that information to analyze how its own funding patterns correspond to disease burden. However, the burden of disease has not been quantified for myalgic encephalomyelitis, also called chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and is often underestimated due to a lack of research and the misperceptions about the nature of the disease...Even given the limitations arising from sparse data, this analysis demonstrates that federal research funding for this disease is far less than what would be expected by the burden of the disease. We conclude that the annual research funding for ME/CFS would need to increase twenty-five fold or more to be commensurate with disease burden. This level of funding would best leverage the growing interest of researchers and the significant scientific opportunities that exist to understand the pathology of this disease and to advance diagnostics and treatments."<ref name="Dimmock, 2016"/></blockquote>
*2016, [https://www.ecronicon.com/ecne/pdf/ECNE-04-000085.pdf Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis]<blockquote>"Abstract:It is unclear what key symptoms differentiate Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Chronic Fatigue syndrome (CFS) from Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The current study compared self-report symptom data of patients with ME or CFS with those with MS. The self-report data is from the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]], and participants were recruited to take the questionnaire online. Data were analyzed using a machine learning technique called decision trees. Five symptoms best differentiated the groups. The best discriminating symptoms were from the immune domain (i.e., flu-like symptoms and tender lymph nodes), and the trees correctly categorized MS from ME or CFS 81.2% of the time, with those with ME or CFS having more severe symptoms. Our findings support the use of machine learning to further explore the unique nature of these different chronic diseases."<ref name="Ohanian, 2016"/></blockquote>
*2016, Mortality in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="McManimen,Stephanie 2016"/>
*2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557649 Deconstructing [[post-exertional malaise]]: An exploratory factor analysis.] <blockquote> "Abstract: [[Post-exertional malaise]] is a cardinal symptom of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]. There are two differing focuses when defining [[post-exertional malaise]]: a generalized, full-body fatigue and a muscle-specific fatigue. This study aimed to discern whether [[post-exertional malaise]] is a unified construct or whether it is composed of two smaller constructs, muscle fatigue and generalized fatigue. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on several symptoms that assess post-exertional malaise. The results suggest that post-exertional malaise is composed of two empirically different experiences, one for generalized fatigue and one for muscle-specific fatigue."<ref name="McManimen, 2016"/></blockquote>
*2016, Assessing current functioning as a measure of significant reduction in activity level<blockquote>"Abstract - Background: [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] have case definitions with varying criteria, but almost all criteria require an individual to have a substantial reduction in activity level. Unfortunately, a consensus has not been reached regarding what constitutes substantial reductions. One measure that has been used to measure substantial reduction is the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-36 Health Survey ([[SF-36]]). Purpose: The current study examined the relationship between the [[SF-36]], a measure of current functioning, and a self-report measure of the percent reduction in hours spent on activities. Results: Findings indicated that select subscales of the [[SF-36]] accurately measure significant reductions in functioning. Further, this measure significantly differentiates patients from controls. Conclusion: Determining what constitutes a significant reduction in activity is difficult because it is subjective to the individual. However, certain subscales of the SF-36 could provide a uniform way to accurately measure and define substantial reductions in functioning.<ref name="Thorpe, 2016"/>
*2016, [http://via.library.depaul.edu/depaul-disc/vol5/iss1/6/ The Role of Infectious and Stress-related Onsets in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Symptomatology and Functioning]
*2016, [https://www.sciforschenonline.org/journals/clinical-research/article-data/CLROA-2-112/CLROA-2-112.pdf Educational Priorities for Healthcare Providers and Name Suggestions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Including the Patient Voice]
*2016, Intrinsic Functional Hypoconnectivity in Core Neurocognitive Networks Suggests Central Nervous System Pathology in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Pilot Study [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294258397_Intrinsic_Functional_Hypoconnectivity_in_Core_Neurocognitive_Networks_Suggests_Central_Nervous_System_Pathology_in_Patients_with_Myalgic_Encephalomyelitis_A_Pilot_Study (FULL TEXT)] <blockquote> Abstract - Exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) was recorded from nineteen EEG channels in nine patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and 9 healthy controls to assess current source density and functional connectivity, a physiological measure of similarity between pairs of distributed regions of interest, between groups. Current source density and functional connectivity were measured using eLORETA software. We found significantly decreased eLORETA source analysis oscillations in the occipital, parietal, posterior cingulate, and posterior temporal lobes in Alpha and Alpha-2. For connectivity analysis, we assessed functional connectivity within Menon triple network model of neuropathology. We found support for all three networks of the triple network model, namely the central executive network (CEN), salience network (SN), and the default mode network (DMN) indicating hypo-connectivity in the Delta, Alpha, and Alpha-2 frequency bands in patients with ME compared to controls. In addition to the current source density resting state dysfunction in the occipital, parietal, posterior temporal and posterior cingulate, the disrupted connectivity of the CEN, SN, and DMN appears to be involved in cognitive impairment for patients with ME. This research suggests that disruptions in these regions and networks could be a neurobiological feature of the disorder, representing underlying neural dysfunction.<ref name="Zinn, 2016"/><blockquote>
*2016 - qEEG / LORETA in Assessment of Neurocognitive Impairment in a Patient with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case Report [https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/clinical-research/CLROA-2-110.php (FULL TEXT)] <blockquote> Abstract - Importance: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a chronic disease resulting in considerable and widespread cognitive deficits. Accurate and accessible measurement of the extent and nature of these deficits can aid healthcare providers and researchers in the diagnosis of this condition, choosing interventions and tracking treatment effects. Here, we present a case of a middle-aged man diagnosed with CFS which began following a typical viral illness. Observations: LORETA source density measures of surface EEG connectivity at baseline were performed on 3 minutes of eyes closed deartifacted19-channel qEEG. The techniques used to analyze the data are described along with the hypothesized effects of the deregulation found in this data set. Nearly all (>90%) patients with CFS complain of cognitive deficits such as slow thinking, difficulty in reading comprehension, reduced learning and memory abilities and an overall feeling of being in a “fog.”Therefore, impairment may be seen in deregulated connections with other regions (functional connectivity); this functional impairment may serve as one cause of the cognitive decline in CFS. Here, the functional connectivity networks of this patient were sufficiently deregulated to cause the symptoms listed above. Conclusions and significance: This case report increased our understanding of CFS from the perspective of brain functional networks by offering some possible explanations for cognitive deficits in patients with CFS. There are only a few reports of using source density analysis or qEEG connectivity analysis for cognitive deficits in CFS. While no absolute threshold exists to advise the physician as to when to conduct such analyses, the basis of his or her decision whether or not to use these tools should be a function of clinical judgment and experience. These analyses may potentially aid in clinical diagnosis, symptom management, treatment response and can alert the physician as to when intervention may be warranted.<ref name="Zinn ML, 2016"/><blockquote>
*2016, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2015.1124520 Case definitions integrating empiric and consensus perspectives]<ref>Jason, L. A., McManimen, S., [[Madison Sunnquist|Sunnquist, M.]], Brown, A., Furst, J., [[Julia Newton|Newton, J. L.]], & [[Elin Strand|Strand, E. B.]] (2016). Case definitions integrating empiric and consensus perspectives. ''Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior, 4'' (1), 1-23. doi:10.1080/21641846.2015.1124520</ref>
*2016, Comparing the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]] with physician assessments: a preliminary study<blockquote>"Results: The DSQ identified 60 and the physicians identified 56 as having a CCC diagnosis. The overall agreement between the two ratings on the diagnostic assessment part was moderate (Kappa = 0.45, p < .001). The sensitivity of DSQ was good (98%) while the specificity was 38%. Positive and negative predictive values were 92% and 75%, respectively. Conclusion: DSQ is useful for detecting and screening symptoms consistent with a CCC diagnosis in clinical practice and research. However, it is important for initial screening of self-report symptoms to be followed up by subsequent medical and psychiatric examination in order to identify possible exclusionary medical and psychiatric disorders."<ref name="Strand, 2016"/></blockquote>
*2016, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301720145_Housebound_versus_nonhousebound_patients_with_myalgic_encephalomyelitis_and_chronic_fatigue_syndrome Housebound versus nonhousebound patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome]<blockquote>"Abstract - Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome who are confined to their homes due to severe symptomatology. The existing literature fails to address differences between this group, and less severe, nonhousebound patient populations. Methods: Participants completed the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]], a measure of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome symptomology, and the SF-36, a measure of health impact on physical/mental functioning. ANOVAs and, where appropriate, MANCOVAS were used to compare housebound and nonhousebound patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome across areas of functioning, symptomatology, and illness onset characteristics. Results: Findings indicated that the housebound group represented one quarter of the sample, and were significantly more impaired with regards to physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep, pain, neurocognitive, autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune functioning compared to individuals who were not housebound. Discussion: Findings indicated that housebound patients have more impairment on functional and symptom outcomes compared to those who were not housebound. Understanding the differences between housebound and not housebound groups holds implications for physicians and researchers as they develop interventions intended for patients who are most severely affected by this chronic illness."<ref name="Pendergrast, 2016"/> </blockquote>
*2016, The Relationship between Age and Illness Duration in [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]<blockquote>"Abstract:[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] ([[CFS]]) is a debilitating illness, but it is unclear if patient age and illness duration might affect symptoms and functioning of patients. In the current study, participants were categorized into four groups based upon age (under or over age 55) and illness duration (more or less than 10 years). The groups were compared on functioning and symptoms. Findings indicated that those who were older with a longer illness duration had significantly higher levels of mental health functioning than those who were younger with a shorter or longer illness duration and the older group with a shorter illness duration. The results suggest that older patients with an illness duration of over 10 years have significantly higher levels of mental health functioning than the three other groups. For symptoms, the younger/longer illness duration group had significantly worse immune and autonomic domains than the older/longer illness group. In addition, the younger patients with a longer illness duration displayed greater autonomic and immune symptoms in comparison to the older group with a longer illness duration. These findings suggest that both age and illness duration need to be considered when trying to understand the influence of these factors on patients.<ref name="Kidd, 2016"/></blockquote>
*2015, [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1359105315587137?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed& Caring for people with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of parents’ experiences] <blockquote>"Abstract: Experiences of parents who care for sons or daughters with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis are rarely discussed within the literature. Narratives of parent–carers in Lost Voices from a Hidden Illness were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. This study aimed to give voices to those who care for individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis and are often stigmatized and inform future research supporting parent–carers. Results included themes of identity change, guilt, feeling like outsiders, uncertainty, changing perceptions of time, coping mechanisms, and improvement/symptom management. Findings could inform the development of carer-focused interventions and provide vital information to health professionals about parent–carers’ lived experience."<ref name="Mihelicova, 2015"/></blockquote>
*2015 - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26411464 (FULL TEXT)] <blockquote> Abstract - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) continues to cause significant morbidity worldwide with an estimated one million cases in the United States. Hurdles to establishing consensus to achieve accurate evaluation of patients with ME continue, fueled by poor agreement about case definitions, slow progress in development of standardized diagnostic approaches, and issues surrounding research priorities. Because there are other medical problems, such as early MS and Parkinson’s Disease, which have some similar clinical presentations, it is critical to accurately diagnose ME to make a differential diagnosis. In this article, we explore and summarize advances in the physiological and neurological approaches to understanding, diagnosing, and treating ME. We identify key areas and approaches to elucidate the core and secondary symptom clusters in ME so as to provide some practical suggestions in evaluation of ME for clinicians and researchers. This review, therefore, represents a synthesis of key discussions in the literature, and has important implications for a better understanding of ME, its biological markers, and diagnostic criteria. There is a clear need for more longitudinal studies in this area with larger data sets, which correct for multiple testing.<ref name="Jason,Zinn, 2015"/><blockquote>
*2015, Functional level of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome reporting use of alternative vs. traditional treatments<ref>Wise, S., Jantke, R., Brown, A., O'Connor, K., & Jason, L. A. (2015). Functional level of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome reporting use of alternative vs. traditional treatments. ''Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior, 3'' (4), 235-240.</ref>
*2015, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2015.1051291 Chronic fatigue syndrome versus systemic exertion intolerance disease]<ref>Jason, L. A., [[Madison Sunnquist|Sunnquist, M.]], Brown, A., [[Julia Newton|Newton, J. L.]], [[Elin Strand|Strand, E. B.]], & [[Suzanne Vernon|Vernon, S. D.]] (2015). Chronic fatigue syndrome versus systemic exertion intolerance disease. ''Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 3(3), 127-141. doi:10.1080/21641846.2015.1051291</ref>
*2015, Variability in symptoms complicates utility of case definitions. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2015.1041336 Abstract]<ref>McManimen, S. L., Jason, L. A., & Williams, Y. J. (2015). Variability in symptoms complicates utility of case definitions. ''Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 3'' (3), 164-172. doi:10.1080/21641846.2015.1041336</ref>
*2015, Comparing and contrasting consensus versus empirical domains. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2015.1017344  Abstract]<ref name="Jason, Kot, 2015"/>
*2015, Test–retest reliability of the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]] [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2014.978110 Abstract]<blockquote>"Methods: Test–retest reliability of the measure was examined with a sample of 26 adults self-identifying as having either ME/CFS, ME, and/or CFS and 25 adults who did not self-identify as having these illnesses and were otherwise healthy controls. Results: Overall, the majority of items on the DSQ exhibited good to excellent test–retest reliability, with Pearson's or kappa correlation coefficients that were 0.70 or higher."<ref name="Jason, So, 2015"/></blockquote>
*2014, Validating a measure of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome symptomatology. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2014.928014 Abstract]<blockquote>"Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to establish the underlying factor structure of the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]] (DSQ) using a well-characterized sample of individuals (92.6% met the Fukuda et al. criteria and/or the Clinical Canadian Criteria) and this structure was then tested on a less stringently recruited sample of individuals utilizing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and discriminant validity of the DSQ were also examined utilizing alternative measures of symptomatology and functioning. Results: A three-factor solution was found using EFA (Neuroendocrine, Autonomic, and Immune Symptoms; Neurological/Cognitive Dysfunction; Post-Exertional Malaise) and the fit of this factor structure was adequate for the second sample. The DSQ was found to have good convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions: The DSQ is a valid tool for assessing ME/CFS symptoms. There may be two core ME/CFS symptom clusters: post-exertional malaise and cognitive dysfunction."<ref name="Brown, 2014"/></blockquote>
*2014, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Current Status and Future Potentials of Emerging Biomarkers. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052724/ (FULL TEXT)]<ref name="Fischer, 2014"/>
*2014, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21642850.2013.869176 Predictors of post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents]<blockquote>"Abstract - This study focused on identifying risk factors for adolescent post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), utilizing a prospective, nested case–control longitudinal design in which over 300 teenagers with infectious mononucleosis (IM) were identified through primary care sites and followed. Baseline variables that were gathered several months following IM, included autonomic symptoms, days in bed since IM, perceived stress, stressful life events, family stress, difficulty functioning and attending school, family stress, and psychiatric disorders. A number of variables were predictors of post-infectious CFS at six months; however, when autonomic symptoms were used as a control variable, only days spent in bed since mono was a significant predictor. Step-wise logistic regression findings indicated that baseline autonomic symptoms as well as days spent in bed since mono, which reflect the severity of illness, were the only significant predictors of those who met CFS criteria at six months."<ref name="Jason, Katz, 2014"/></blockquote>
*2014, Examining case definition criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2013.862993 Abstract]<ref>Jason, L. A., [[Madison Sunnquist|Sunnquist, M.]], Brown, A., Evans, M., [[Suzanne Vernon|Vernon, S. D.]], Furst, J. D., & Simonis, V. (2014). Examining case definition criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior, 2(1), 40-56. doi:10.1080/21641846.2013.862993</ref>
*2013, Energy conservation/envelope theory interventions. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3596172/ Full Text]<ref name="Jason, 2013"/>
*2013, The implications of sensitization and kindling for chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>Jason, L.A., Sorenson, M., Evans, M., Brown, A., Flores, S., [[Madison Sunnquist|Sunnquist, M.]], & Schafer, C. (2013). The implications of sensitization and kindling for chronic fatigue syndrome. In N. Gotsiridze-Columbus (Ed.),Encephalitis, Encephalomyelitis, Encephalopathies: Symptoms, causes and potential complications.(pp.73-94). New York: Nova Science.</ref>
*2013, Contrasting chronic fatigue syndrome versus myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2013.774556 Abstract]<ref name="Jason, Brown, 2013"/>
*2012, Factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with patients with chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>Brown, M., Kaplan, C., & Jason, L. (2012). Factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 799-808. doi: 10.1177/1359105311424470</ref>
*2012, [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047891 Antibody to Epstein-Barr Virus Deoxyuridine Triphosphate Nucleotidohydrolase and Deoxyribonucleotide Polymerase in a Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Subset (FULL TEXT)]<blockquote> Abstract - "Background: A defined diagnostic panel differentiated patients who had been diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), based upon Fukuda/Carruthers criteria. This diagnostic panel identified an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) subset of patients (6), excluding for the first time other similar “clinical” conditions such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, borreliosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and adult rheumatic fever, which may be mistakenly called CFS. CFS patients were treated with valacyclovir (14.3 mg/kg q6h) for ≥12 months. Each patient improved, based upon the Functional Activity Appraisal: Energy Index Score Healthcare Worker Assessment (EIPS), which is a validated (FSS-9), item scale with high degree of internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha. Methods: Antibody to EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM, EBV Diffuse Early Antigen EA(D), and neutralizing antibodies against EBV-encoded DNA polymerase and EBV-encoded dUTPase were assayed serially approximately every three months for 13–16 months from sera obtained from patients with CFS (6) and from sera obtained from twenty patients who had no history of CFS. Results: Antibodies to EBV EA(D) and neutralizing antibodies against the encoded-proteins EBV DNA polymerase and deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) were present in the EBV subset CFS patients. Of the sera samples obtained from patients with CFS 93.9% were positive for EA(D), while 31.6% of the control patients were positive for EBV EA(D). Serum samples were positive for neutralizing antibodies against the EBV-encoded dUTPase (23/52; 44.2%) and DNA polymerase (41/52; 78.8%) in EBV subset CFS patients, but negative in sera of controls. Conclusions: There is prolonged elevated antibody level against the encoded proteins EBV dUTPase and EBV DNA polymerase in a subset of CFS patients, suggesting that this antibody panel could be used to identify these patients, if these preliminary findings are corroborated by studies with a larger number of EBV subset CFS patients."<ref name="Lerner, 2012"/></blockquote>
*2012, Minimum data elements for research reports on CFS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643273/ Full text] <blockquote>Abstract: "Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating condition that has received increasing attention from researchers in the past decade. However, it has become difficult to compare data collected in different laboratories due to the variability in basic information regarding descriptions of sampling methods, patient characteristics, and clinical assessments. The issue of variability in CFS research was recently highlighted at the NIH's 2011 State of the Knowledge of CFS meeting prompting researchers to consider the critical information that should be included in CFS research reports. To address this problem, we present our consensus on the minimum data elements that should be included in all CFS research reports, along with additional elements that are currently being evaluated in specific research studies that show promise as important patient descriptors for subgrouping of CFS. These recommendations are intended to improve the consistency of reported methods and the interpretability of reported results. Adherence to minimum standards and increased reporting consistency will allow for better comparisons among published CFS articles, provide guidance for future research and foster the generation of knowledge that can directly benefit the patient."<ref name="Jason,Unger 2012"/></blockquote>
*2010, Possible Genetic Dysregulation in Pediatric CFS [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/Psych.20100400004_58674684.pdf (FULL TEXT)]<blockquote>Abstract: "Hypocortisolism is a frequent finding in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and could play an explanatory role in the development of illness symptomatology. The etiologic mechanism behind this finding could be genetic variance in glucocorticoid receptor expression (GR) or increased resistance to the effects of glucocorticoids. Several investigators believe that allelic variance in a GR (NR3C1) mediates the expression of chronic fatigue possibly through influence on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function [1]. In addition, several immunologic variables are associated with CFS. The nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB) pathway is heavily involved in cellular transcription and regulation and has been shown to be associated with the development of CFS. The NFkB pathway is directly regulated by and influences the presence of GR [2]. Our study focused on assessing whether such inflammatory transcription is occurring during adolescent years. Findings indicated decreased expression of NFKB1, NFKB2, and NR3C1. A decrease in the expression of these genes may have effects on immune cell function and cytokine production that could explain immunologic findings seen in individuals with CFS."<ref>Jason, L., Sorenson, M., Porter, N., [[Molly Brown|Brown, M.]], Lerch, A., Van der Eb, C. & [[Judy Mikovits|Mikovits, J.]] (2010). Possible Genetic Dysregulation in Pediatric CFS. Psychology, 1, 247-251. doi: 10.4236/psych.2010.14033. </ref></blockquote>
*2009, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3821173/ Activity Logs as a Measure of Daily Activity Among Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. (Full text)]<ref name="JasonLA, 2009"/>
*2009, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767446/ The impact of energy modulation on physical functioning and fatigue severity among patients with ME/CFS. (Full text)]<ref name="Jason, 2009"/>
*2008, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730359/ The associations between basal salivary cortisol levels and illness symptomatology in chronic fatigue syndrome. (Full text)] <blockquote>"Abstract: Hypocortisolism has been reported in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), with the significance of this finding to disease etiology unclear. This study examined cortisol levels and their relationships with symptoms in a group of 108 individuals with CFS. CFS symptoms examined included fatigue, pain, sleep difficulties, neurocognitive functioning, and psychiatric status. Alterations in cortisol levels were examined by calculation of mean daily cortisol, while temporal variation in cortisol function was examined by means of a regression slope. Additionally, deviation from expected cortisol diurnal pattern was determined via clinical judgment. Results indicated that fatigue and pain were associated with salivary cortisol levels. In particular, variance from the expected pattern of cortisol was associated with increased levels of fatigue. The implications of these findings are discussed."<ref name="Torres-Harding, 2008"/></blockquote>
*2008, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5276419_The_Energy_Envelope_Theory_and_myalgic_encephalomyelitischronic_fatigue_syndrome The Energy Envelope Theory and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. (Full text)]<ref name="Jason, 2008"/>
*2007, The Effectiveness of Early Educational Intervention in Improving Future Physicians' Attitudes Regarding CFS/FM<blockquote>"Abstract - Objective: To assess the effects of an early educational intervention program's ability to alter the perceptions and attitudes of future physicians regarding chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia (CFS/FM), improve their understanding and acceptance of these diseases, make them feel more comfortable in diagnosing and treating patients. Method: Third-year medical students were surveyed before and after an educational intervention program. The three questions posed to the students in the survey were: (1) How comfortable do you feel you are in diagnosing and treating patients with CFS /FM?, (2) Do you consider CFS/FM legitimate illnesses?, and (3) Do you want to treat patients with CFS/FM? Results: The educational intervention program helped about half of the future physicians feel comfortable in diagnosing and treating patients with CFS/FM and improved by over 25% their willingness to treat patients with CFS. Conclusion: An educational intervention program appeared to improve future physicians' understanding and appreciation of CFS/FM, made them feel more comfortable diagnosing and treating these diseases, and increased their willingness to treat patients with CFS/FM."<ref>Tony V. Lu, [[Susan Torres-Harding|Susan R. Torres-Harding]] & Leonard A. Jason. (2007). The Effectiveness of Early Educational Intervention in Improving Future Physicians' Attitudes Regarding CFS/FM. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 14, Iss. 2, pp. 25-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v14n02_03</ref></blockquote>
*2007, Baseline Cortisol Levels Predict Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Nonpharmacologic Clinical Trial<blockquote> "Abstract - Objective: Understanding how nonpharmacologic interventions differentially affect the subgroups of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) might provide insights into the pathophysiology of this illness. In this exploratory study, baseline measures of normal versus abnormal cortisol were compared on a variety of immune markers and other self-report measures. Normal versus abnormal cortisol ratings were used as predictors in a nurse-delivered nonpharmacologic intervention. Methods: Participants diagnosed with CFS were assigned to 6-month nonpharmacologic interventions. Individuals were classified as having abnormal or normal cortisol levels on the basis of scores over the five testing times. Cortisol levels were considered abnormal if they continued to rise, were flat, or were at abnormally low over time. Results: Across interventions, those with abnormal cortisol at the baseline appeared not to improve over time, whereas those with normal baseline cortisol evidenced improvements on a number of immunologic and self-report measures. Conclusion: It appears that, in subgroups of individuals with CFS, baseline cortisol markers are associated with outcome trajectories for nonpharmacologic treatment trials. The implications of these findings are discussed."<ref>Leonard A. Jason, [[Susan Torres-Harding]], Kevin Maher, Nadia Reynolds, [[Molly Brown]], Matthew Sorenson, Julie Donalek, Karina Corradi, [[Mary Ann Fletcher]] & Tony Lu. (2007). Baseline Cortisol Levels Predict Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Nonpharmacologic Clinical Trial. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 14, Iss. 4, pp. 39-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10573320802092039</ref></blockquote>
*2007, How Science Can Stigmatize: The Case of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<blockquote> "Abstract - "Objective: This article reviews issues involving the name of an illness, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), along with flawed epidemiologic approaches, which may have further contributed to the diagnostic skepticism and stigma that those with CFS encounter. Methods: Patient groups around the world are currently engaged in a major effort to rename this syndrome as either myalgic encephalomyelitis or myalgic encephalopathy, to undo the negative effects of the name previously given to this illness by scientists. Moreover, during the last 15 years, estimated rates of CFS have dramatically increased in both Great Britain and the United States. Results: We suggest that the increases in both the United States and Great Britain are due to a broadening of the case definition to additionally include cases with primary psychiatric conditions. Conclusion: Using a broad or narrow definition of CFS will have crucial influences on CFS epidemiologic findings, on rates of psychiatric comorbidity, and ultimately on the likelihood of finding a biological marker and identified etiology."<ref>Leonard A. Jason & Judith A. Richman. (2007). How Science Can Stigmatize: The Case of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 14, Iss. 4, pp. 85-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10573320802092146</ref></blockquote>
*2006, Psychosocial and Physical Impact of Chronic Fatigue in a Community-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents<blockquote> "Abstract - Background: Few studies have examined the problem of chronic fatigue in children and adolescents and its potential impact on functioning. Chronic fatigue may have a negative impact on school functioning, family activities, psychological well-being, physical functioning, and severity of medical symptomatology. Objectives: This study compared psychosocial, family, and physical functioning between a randomly selected community based sample of 36 children and adolescents with chronic fatigue and a group of 21 children and adolescents without fatigue. Methods: Children and parents completed a comprehensive medical history questionnaire and questionnaires assessing psychological functioning, family functioning, and school attendance. Results: Results indicated that children with chronic fatigue tended to have more difficulties in overall physical and psychological functioning, as measured by the Child Health Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist. In addition, children in the chronic fatigue group experienced disruptions in a range of activities and reported more severe physical symptomatology when compared to children without fatigue. Conclusions: Findings suggest that children and adolescents with chronic fatigue may have a range of associated difficulties, including limitations in physical and psychosocial functioning and a negative impact on the ability to engage in normative activities."<ref>[[Susan Torres-Harding|Susan R. Torres-Harding]], Karen Jordan, Leonard A. Jason & Renee Arias. (2006). Psychosocial and Physical Impact of Chronic Fatigue in a Community-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 2-3, pp. 55-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n02_03</ref></blockquote>
*2006, Reliability of a [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] Questionnaire<blockquote> "Abstract - Background: A diagnostic instrument, the CFS Questionnaire, was developed for clinicians and researchers to administer to their patients as a screening instrument for CFS. The CFS Questionnaire is comprehensive, covering the inclusionary and exclusionary self-report criteria of the current U.S. case definition (Fukuda, 1994). The instrument also assesses past and current activity levels, and symptoms of post-exertional malaise to ensure these items are adequately assessed. Objectives: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of an experimental measure for assessing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods: This instrument was administered to 15 persons with CFS, 15 persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 15 controls. Using the Fukuda et al. (Fukuda, 1994) diagnostic criteria, raters independently reviewed participants' CFS Questionnaire responses and rated whether each study participant met criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. Results: This instrument demonstrated good inter-rater reliability. Further, this instrument demonstrated adequate classification accuracy, with a 9.3 positive likelihood ratio and a .08 negative likelihood ratio. Overall, the CFS Questionnaire demonstrated good test-retest reliability, with intra-class correlation coefficients and kappa coefficients at .70 or higher for most items. Lower test-retest reliability coefficients were found for some items assessing temporal symptoms or items requiring an estimate of time. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the CFS Questionnaire is a reliable diagnostic tool. Use of the CFS Questionnaire should promote higher levels of diagnostic reliability because it allows for accurate classification of individuals with CFS."<ref>Caroline Hawk, Leonard A. Jason & [[Susan Torres-Harding]]. (2006). Reliability of a Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Questionnaire. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 13, Iss. 4, pp. 41-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n04_05</ref></blockquote>
*2006, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]
*2006, [http://www.healthrising.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Hawk.-Jason.-Differential-Diagnosis-of-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-and-Major-Depressive-Disorder.pdf Differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome and major depressive disorder]<ref name="Hawk, 2006"/>
*2004, Family Medical History of Persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<blockquote> "Abstract - Background: Little research has examined the family history of persons with CFS, although a few studies have found people with CFS may be more likely to have family members with fatigue or CFS-like conditions, cancers, autoimmune illness, and early parental death. Research into the family history of fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, and other medical or psychiatric illness may help inform the etiology of this illness. Objectives: The present investigation examined the occurrence of medical and psychiatric illness in the family history of persons with CFS, and then compared these results with the family history of medical illness reported by a control group of persons without fatigue. Methods: Family medical history data was obtained from questionnaire responses, a medical assessment, and medical records, and were then classified into specific illness categories, using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Family history data was compared among three groups using logistic regression analyses. Results: Results indicated that persons with chronic fatigue syndrome were significantly more likely to report a family history of endocrine/ metabolic disorders when compared to the control group. Conclusions: Findings suggest an underlying familial predisposition toward the development of both CFS and endocrine/metabolic disorders. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that CFS represents a deregulation of the endocrine system.<ref>[[Susan Torres-Harding|Susan R. Torres-Harding]], Leonard A. Jason & O. Dicle Turkoglu. (2004). Family Medical History of Persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 12, Iss. 4, pp. 25-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v12n04_03</ref></blockquote>
*2004, Comparing the Fukuda et al. Criteria and the Canadian Case Definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<blockquote>"Abstract - Because the pathogenesis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has yet to be determined, case definitions have relied on clinical observation in classifying signs and symptoms for diagnosis. The selection of diagnostic signs and symptoms has major implications for which individuals are diagnosed with CFS and how seriously the illness is viewed by health care providers, disability insurers and rehabilitation planners, and patients and their families and friends. Diagnostic criteria also have implications for whether research based on varying definitions can be synthesized. The current investigation examined differences between CFS as defined by Fukuda et al. (1994) and a set of criteria that has been proposed for a clinical Canadian Case definition. There were twenty-three participants who met the Canadian criteria, 12 in the CFS (Fukuda et al. (7) criteria) group and the 33 from the chronic fatigue (CF)-psychiatric group. Dependent measures included: work status, psychiatric comorbidity, symptoms, and functional impairment (measured by the Medical Outcomes Study). People meeting the Fukuda et al. and Canadian criteria were compared with people who had a chronically fatiguing illness explained by a psychiatric condition. Statistical tests used included binomial logistic regression and analysis of variance. The Canadian criteria group, in contrast to the Fukuda et al. criteria group, had more variables that statistically significantly differentiated them from the psychiatric comparison group. Overall, there were 17 symptom differences between the Canadian and CF-psychiatric group, but only 7 symptom differences between the CFS and CF-psychiatric group. The findings suggest that both the Canadian and Fukuda et al. case definitions select individuals who are statistically significantly different from psychiatric controls with chronic fatigue, with the Canadian criteria selecting cases with less psychiatric co-morbidity, more physical functional impairment, and more fatigue/weakness, neuropsychiatric, and neurological symptoms."<ref>Leonard A. Jason, [[Susan Torres-Harding|Susan R. Torres-Harding]], Amber Jurgens & Jena Helgerson. (2004). Comparing the Fukuda et al. Criteria and the Canadian Case Definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 37-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v12n01_03</ref></blockquote>
*2003, Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution<ref name="Reeves,2003"/>
*2001, Measuring Attributions About Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<blockquote>"Summary - Three studies explored the effects of different diagnostic labels and different types of recommended treatments for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome upon attributions regarding its cause, nature, severity, contagion, prognosis, and treatment. Attributions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome appear to change based upon the diagnostic label given for the syndrome and the type of treatment recommended. Results suggest that, in comparison to the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome label, the Myalgic Enceph-alopathy label prompts attributions that this syndrome is a serious condition associated with a physiologically-based etiology, a poor prognosis, and decreased potential for organ donation. Results also suggest that, compared with cognitive coping skills treatment, treatment with ampligen appears to be associated with perceptions of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as an accurate diagnosis and as a severely disabling condition."<ref>Leonard A. Jason & Renée R. Taylor. (2001). Measuring Attributions About Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 8, Iss. 3-4, pp. 31-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v08n03_04</ref></blockquote>
*2001, Assessing attitudes toward new names for chronic fatigue syndrome.<blockquote>"Abstract: A questionnaire was distributed at the American Association of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome's biannual convention in Washington in January 2001 as well as through various Internet Web sites and listserves during early February and March of 2001. The sample consisted of 432 respondents. Most respondents (86%) indicated they wanted a name change, although more patients than scientists were in favor of this change. It was also apparent that the patients and physicians were clearly split between adopting a name such as myalgic encephalopathy versus one such as neuro-endocrine immune disorder. Also, among those respondents who selected either of these two choices for a new name, less than 30% of them supported the other name. Although the majority of respondents feel the name should be changed at this time, this survey suggests there are different stakeholders involved in the name-change process, each with strong and sometimes disparate feelings about changing the name."<ref name="Jason, 2001"/></blockquote>
*2001, Subtypes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review of Findings<blockquote>"Summary - Most studies of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) have been based on patients recruited from primary or tertiary care settings. Patients from such settings might not be typical of patients in the general population and may not accurately reflect the heterogeneity among individuals diagnosed with this condition. The current paper reviews four community-based studies that examined subtypes of individuals with CFS. Distinctions between subtype groups based on sociodemographics, illness onset and duration, stressful precipitating events, symptom frequency, and comorbidity characteristics are made with respect to outcome measures of fatigue and symptom severity, functional ability, and psychiatric comorbidity.<ref>Leonard A. Jason, Renée R. Taylor, Cara L. Kennedy, [[Susan Torres-Harding|Susan Torres Harding]], Sharon Song, Danielle Johnson & Radhika Chimata. (2001). Subtypes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review of Findings. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 8, Iss. 3-4, pp. 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v08n03_02</ref></blockquote>
*2000, Chronic fatigue syndrome: sociodemographic subtypes in a community-based sample.<ref>Jason LA, Taylor RR, Kennedy CL, Jordan K, Song S, Johnson DE, [[Susan Torres-Harding|Torres SR]]. (2000) Chronic fatigue syndrome: sociodemographic subtypes in a community-based sample. ''Evaluations and the Health Professions, 23''(3):243-63.</ref>
*2000, Defining Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Methodological Challenges<blockquote>"Abstract - Accurate diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is greatly complicated by the vague wording of many of the major diagnostic criteria (i.e., substantial reductions in previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities) and the absence of guidelines for health care professionals to follow. The lack of operationally explicit criteria has forced health care professionals to rely heavily on their own clinical judgement, which may be biased by personal and highly idiosyncratic factors. Thus, in the case of CFS, the lack of consensus among clinicians regarding the interpretation and application of the diagnostic criteria has likely produced problems in diagnostic reliability. Data from a recent community based epidemiologic study are presented to illustrate these problems and provide recommendations for improving criterion reliability."<ref>Leonard A. Jason, Caroline P. King, Renee R. Taylor & Cara Kennedy. (2000). Defining Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Methodological Challenges. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'', Vol. 7, Iss. 2, pp. 17-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v07n03_03</ref></blockquote>
*1999, A Community-Based Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome <blockquote> Results: There was a 65.1% completion rate for the telephone interviews during the first phase of the study. Findings indicated that CFS occurs in about 0.42% (95% confidence interval, 0.29%-0.56%) of this random community-based sample. The highest levels of CFS were consistently found among women, minority groups, and persons with lower levels of education and occupational status. Conclusions: Chronic fatigue syndrome is a common chronic health condition, especially for women, occurring across ethnic groups. Earlier findings suggesting that CFS is a syndrome primarily affecting white, middle-class patients were not supported by our findings.<ref name="Jason, 1999"/></blockquote>
*1997, ''Research with Children and Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Methodologies, Designs, and Special Considerations''<ref>Karen M. Jordan, Amy M. Kolak & Leonard A. Jason. (1997). Research with Children and Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Methodologies, Designs, and Special Considerations. ''Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,'' Vol. 3, Iss. 2, pp 3-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v03n02_02</ref>
*1997, A Screening Instrument for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Reliability and Validity<ref>Leonard A. Jason, Michael T. Ropacki, Nicole B. Santoro, Judith A. Richman, Wendy Heatherly, Renee Taylor, Joseph R. Ferrari, Trina M. Haneydavis, Alfred Rademaker, Josee Dupuis, Jacqueline Golding, Audrius V. Plioplys, and Sigita Plioplys. (1997). A Screening Instrument for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Reliability and Validity. 'Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,'' Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp 39-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J092v03n01_04</ref>


==Talks & Interviews==
*2006, A Pediatric Case Definition for [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] and [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]<ref>{{citation | last1 = Jason | first1 = Leonard A  | authorlink1 = Leonard Jason | last2 = Jordan | first2 = Karen | authorlink2 = Karen Jordan | last3 = Miike | first3 = Teruhisa | authorlink3 = Teruhisa Miike | last4 =Bell | first4 = David S | authorlink4 = David Bell | last5 = Lapp | first5 = Charles| authorlink5 = Charles Lapp | last6 = Torres-Harding | first6 = Susan | authorlink6 = Susan Torres-Harding | last7 = Rowe | first7 = Kathy | authorlink7 = Kathy Rowe | last8 = Gurwitt | first8 = Alan  | authorlink8 = Alan Gurwitt | last9 = De Meirleir | first9 = Kenny | authorlink9 = Kenny de Meirleir | last10 = Van Hoof | first10 = Elke LS | authorlink10 = Elke Van Hoof | title = A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 13 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 1-44 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1300/J092v13n02_01 }}</ref> - [https://solvecfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/pediatriccasedefinitionshort.pdf (Full Text)]
 
===Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee===
*2004-2011, Dr. Jason served as a voting member of the [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee]] for the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] from April 1, 2004 to April 1, 2011.<ref>http://nih.granicus.com/DocumentViewer.php?file=nih_e174f9bd-ae0f-4a45-9955-827cb608db2f.pdf</ref> During his tenure he was chairperson of the Research Subcommittee.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/05/02/trial-by-error-a-q-and-a-with-leonard-jason-on-case-definition/ | title = Trial By Error: A Q-and-A with Leonard Jason, on Case Definition|website=[[Virology blog]]|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>
 
=== International American Association of CFS/ME ===
* 2004-2009, Dr. Jason served as vice president of the [[International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|International Association of CFS/ME]].
 
*Dr. Jason serves on the editorial board of the journal, [[Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior]], published on behalf of the [[IACFS/ME]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=rftg20& | title = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior | website = tandfonline.com|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>
 
===ME/CFS Common Data Elements (CDE) Project===
*2017-2018, Dr Jason serves on the Baseline/Covariate Working Group of the Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Common Data Element (CDE) Project sponsored by the [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis/Chronic%20Fatigue%20Syndrome#pane-138 | title = Complete Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CDE Roster | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = NIH|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>  This working group reviewed data collection instruments widely used by investigators in the [[ME/CFS]] field, and either recommended their use unchanged or (more often) proposed some modifications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis/Chronic%20Fatigue%20Syndrome#pane-166 | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome {{!}} NINDS Common Data Elements | website = commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>
 
== Advocacy ==
 
=== Chilli ME Challenge ===
* 2015, Leonard Jason and his research team at DePaul University participated in an [[ME/CFS]] awareness and biomedical research [[National Institutes of Health funding|funding]] project which involved eating a hot chili pepper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llCD1tHG2YM | title = DePaul Chili Challenge | last = | first = | date = 2015 | website = YouTube | archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=21 Aug 2018}}</ref> - ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llCD1tHG2YM DePaul Chili Challenge video])
 
===Open letter to ''The Lancet''===
Dr Jason signed all three [[open letter to the Lancet|open letters to the editor of ''The Lancet'']] urging the editor to commission a fully independent review of the [[PACE trial]], which the journal published in 2011.
*13 November 2015, [http://www.virology.ws/2015/11/13/an-open-letter-to-dr-richard-horton-and-the-lancet/ An open letter to Dr. Richard Horton and The Lancet]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2015/11/13/an-open-letter-to-dr-richard-horton-and-the-lancet/ | title = An open letter to Dr. Richard Horton and The Lancet | last = Tuller | first = David | date = Nov 13, 2015 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>
*10 February 2016, [http://www.virology.ws/2016/02/10/open-letter-lancet-again/ An open letter to The Lancet, again - Virology blog]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2016/02/10/open-letter-lancet-again | title = An open letter to The Lancet, again | last = Tuller | first = David | date = Feb 10, 2016 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>
*19 June 2018, [http://www.virology.ws/2018/06/19/trial-by-error-an-open-letter-to-the-lancet-two-years-on/ An Open Letter to The Lancet, Two Years On]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2018/06/19/trial-by-error-an-open-letter-to-the-lancet-two-years-on/ | title = Trial By Error: An Open Letter to The Lancet, Two Years On | last = Tuller | first = David | date = 19 June 2018 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref>
 
==Research studies related to ME/CFS==
Dr. Leonard Jason is a prolific researcher of [[ME/CFS]]. Recent studies are listed below.
 
'''For complete list of studies: ''[[Research studies of Leonard Jason]]'''''
 
*2019, The 'Cognitive Behavioural Model' of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Critique of a Flawed Model<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Geraghty | first = Keith | authorlink = Keith Geraghty | last2 = Jason | first2 = Leonard | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason | last3 = Sunnquist | first3 = Madison | authorlink3 = Madison Sunnquist | last4 = Blease | first4 = Charlotte | authorlink4 = Charlotte Blease | last5 = Tuller | first5 = David | authorlink5 = David Tuller | last6 = Adeniji | first6 = Charles  | authorlink6 = | date = Feb 2019 | title = The 'Cognitive Behavioural Model' of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Critique of a Flawed Model.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330901648_The_'Cognitive_Behavioural_Model'_of_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome__Critique_of_a_Flawed_Model | journal = Journal of Health Psychology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 2055102919838907 | doi = 10.1177/2055102919838907 |quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330901648_The_'Cognitive_Behavioural_Model'_of_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_Critique_of_a_Flawed_Model (Full text)]
*2019, Myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome case definitions: effects of requiring a substantial reduction in functioning<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Scartozzi | first = Samantha | authorlink = | last2 = Sunnquist | first2 = Madison | authorlink2 = Madison Sunnquist | last3 = Jason | first3 = Leonard A. | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason | date = Apr 2019 | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome case definitions: effects of requiring a substantial reduction in functioning | url =https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2019.1600825|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=1–10|doi=10.1080/21641846.2019.1600825|issn=2164-1846|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2019.1600825?journalCode=rftg20 (Abstract)]
*2019, Associations between autonomic and orthostatic self-report and physician ratings of orthostatic intolerance in youth<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Schultz | first = Katlin R. | authorlink = | last2 = Katz | first2 = Ben Z. | authorlink2 = Ben Katz | last3 = Bockian | first3 = Neil R. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Jason | first4 = Leonard A. | authorlink4 = Leonard Jason | authorlink5 = | date = Mar 2019 | title = Associations Between Autonomic and Orthostatic Self-report and Physician Ratings of Orthostatic Intolerance in Youth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149291819300700|journal=Clinical Therapeutics|language=en|volume=41|issue=4 | pages = 633-640|doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.02.010}}</ref> - [[pubmed:30876666|(Abstract)]]
*2019, The development of a short form of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire<ref name="Jason2019DSF-SF">{{Cite journal | last = Sunnquist | first = Madison | authorlink = Madison Sunnquist | last2 = Lazarus | first2 = Savitri | authorlink2 = Savitri Lazarus | last3 = Jason | first3 = Leonard A. | authorlink3 = Leonard Jasondate=2019-07-18 | title = The development of a short form of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/31318234/|journal=Rehabilitation Psychology|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1037/rep0000285|issn=1939-1544|pmid=31318234|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/31318234/ (Abstract)]
*2019,  Assessment of Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): A patient-driven survey<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Holtzman | first = Carly | authorlink = | last2 = Bhatia | first2 = Shaun | authorlink2 = | last3 = Cotler | first3 = Joseph  | authorlink3 = | last4 = Jason | first4 = Leonard | authorlink4 = Leonard Jason | authorlink5 = | date = 2019-03-02 | title = Assessment of Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): A Patient-Driven Survey|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/1/26|journal=Diagnostics|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=26|doi=10.3390/diagnostics9010026|issn=2075-4418|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/1/26/htm (Full text)]
*2019, Dismissing chronic illness: A qualitative analysis of negative health care experiences<ref>{{Cite journal | last = McManimen | first = Stephanie | authorlink = Stephanie McManimen | last2 = McClellan | first2 = Damani | authorlink2 = | last3 = Stoothoff | first3 = Jamie | authorlink3 = | last4 = Gleason | first4 = Kristen | authorlink4 = | last5 = Jason | first5 = Leonard A. | authorlink5 = Leonard Jason | date = 2019-03-04 | title = Dismissing chronic illness: A qualitative analysis of negative health care experiences|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07399332.2018.1521811|journal=Health Care for Women International|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=1–18|doi=10.1080/07399332.2018.1521811|issn=0739-9332|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [[pubmed:30829147|(Abstract)]]
*2019, The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-2: a validation study<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bedree | first = Helen | authorlink = | last2 = Sunnquist | first2 = Madison | authorlink2 = Madison Sunnquist | last3 = Jason | first3 = Leonard A. | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason | date = 2019-08-12 | title = The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-2: a validation study|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2019.1653471|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=1–14|doi=10.1080/21641846.2019.1653471|issn=2164-1846|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2019.1653471?journalCode=rftg20 (Abstract)]
*2019, Differentiating post-polio syndrome from myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Klebek | first = Lauren | authorlink = | last2 = Sunnquist | first2 = Madison | authorlink2 = Madison Sunnquist | last3 = Jason | first3 = Leonard A. | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason | date = 2019-11-06 | title = Differentiating post-polio syndrome from myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2019.1687117|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=1–11|doi=10.1080/21641846.2019.1687117|issn=2164-1846|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2019.1687117?journalCode=rftg20 (Abstract)]
*2020, How psychiatric referrals influence stigmatization in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome: An examination of American and British models<ref>{{Citation | last = Terman | first = Julia | title = How psychiatric referrals influence stigmatization in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome: An examination of American and British models | date = 2019 | url=http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/cpgp/article/view/20653/17750|publisher=University of Salento|language=en|doi=10.1285/i24212113v5i2p19|access-date=2020-05-29 | last2 = Cotler | first2 = Joseph | last3 = Jason | first3 = Leonard A.}}</ref> - [http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/cpgp/article/view/20653 (Abstract)]
*2020, Risk factors for [[suicide]] in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Johnson | first = Madeline L. | authorlink = | last2 = Cotler | first2 = Joseph  | authorlink2 = | last3 = Terman | first3 = Julia M. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Jason | first4 = Leonard A. | authorlink4 = Leonard Jason | date = 2020-06-12 | title = Risk factors for suicide in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07481187.2020.1776789|journal=Death Studies|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=1–7|doi=10.1080/07481187.2020.1776789|issn=0748-1187|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07481187.2020.1776789 (Abstract)]
*2020, [[Postviral fatigue syndrome|Post-viral fatigue]] and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Islam | first = Mohammed F. | authorlink = | last2 = Cotler | first2 = Joseph  | authorlink2 = | last3 = Jason | first3 = Leonard A. | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason | date = 2020-04-02 | title = Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227|journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior |language=en|volume=8|issue=2 | pages = 61–69|doi=10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227|issn=2164-1846|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227?src=recsys (Full text)]
*2020, Risks for Developing ME/CFS in College Students Following Infectious Mononucleosis: A Prospective Cohort Study<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard A | authorlink = Leonard Jason | last2 = Cotler | first2 = Joseph  | authorlink2 = | last3 = Islam | first3 = Mohammed F | authorlink3 = | last4 = Sunnquist | first4 = Madison | authorlink4 = Madison Sunnquist | last5 = Katz | first5 = Ben Z | authorlink5 = Ben Katz | date = 2020-12-25 | title = Risks for Developing ME/CFS in College Students Following Infectious Mononucleosis: A Prospective Cohort Study|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1886/6048942|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=ciaa1886|doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1886|issn=1058-4838|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://watermark.silverchair.com/ciaa1886.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAArQwggKwBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKhMIICnQIBADCCApYGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMilXiNQTxWgQqH0KXAgEQgIICZ8hRKESkHmZ9W8ITm-3Wp8CTSrDcTGcCAvkH_BRd6aa3eJ (Full text)]
 
==Talks and interviews==
 
*2014, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIk37zpecqE Leonard Jason answering questions from members of the Institute of Medicine panel on case definition issues]
*Oct 2015, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0jqrhJ7giA Defining essential features of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome] (Sweden)]
*2016, [http://iacfsme.org/Conferences/2016-Fort-Lauderdale/Agenda/Professional-Agenda.aspx 12th International IACFS/ME Biennial Clinical and Research Conference, Emerging Science and Clinical Care, ''Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia''](Workshop given with [[Fred Friedberg]], Ph.D.)
*2016, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN0Fh0kiUiI "qEEG LORETA CFS Case study - Sci Forschen Inc."] with Leonard Jason, Marcie Zinn, and Mark Zinn
*2016, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vde2sOzwDTM Leonard Jason's comments at Sept. 27th, 2016 #millionsmissing protest in Chicago]
*Mar 2017, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfKJK1mnJvM Leonard Jason's Presentation to European Network on "Current Situation on Prevalence and Diagnostic Crieria for ME and CFS"]
*Mar 2017, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfKJK1mnJvM Leonard Jason's Presentation to European Network on "Current Situation on Prevalence and Diagnostic Crieria for ME and CFS"]
*Jan 2017, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSFWTs2BbCs Leonard Jason's talk to the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago on "Understanding Unexplained Illness: From Knowledge to Action"]      [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wx5mnnCOuto Slides for "Understanding Unexplained Illness: From Knowledge to Action"]
*Jan 2017, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSFWTs2BbCs Leonard Jason's talk to the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago on "Understanding Unexplained Illness: From Knowledge to Action"]      [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wx5mnnCOuto Slides for "Understanding Unexplained Illness: From Knowledge to Action"]
*2016, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vde2sOzwDTM Leonard Jason's comments at Sept. 27th, 2016 #millionsmissing protest in Chicago]
*13 Sep 2018, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFim2gz5VQI Appropriately and Accurately Assessing Symptoms in Patients with ME], sponsored by [[Solve ME/CFS Initiative]] for the 2018 Science & Discovery Webinar Series
*2016, [http://iacfsme.org/Conferences/2016-Fort-Lauderdale/Agenda/Professional-Agenda.aspx 12th International IACFS/ME Biennial Clinical and Research Conference, Emerging Science and Clinical Care, ''Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia''](Workshop given with [[Fred Friedberg]], Ph.D.)
*2 May 2018, [http://www.virology.ws/2018/05/02/trial-by-error-a-q-and-a-with-leonard-jason-on-case-definition/ Trial By Error: A Q-and-A with Leonard Jason, on Case Definition], interview by [[David Tuller]]
*2016 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN0Fh0kiUiI "qEEG LORETA CFS Case study - Sci Forschen Inc."] with Leonard Jason, Marcie Zinn, and Mark Zinn
*Oct 2015, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0jqrhJ7giA Defining essential features of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome] (Sweden)]
*2015, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llCD1tHG2YM DePaul Chili Challenge video]
*2014, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIk37zpecqE Leonard Jason answering questions from members of the Institute of Medicine panel on case definition issues]


===Invest in ME International ME Conference===
===Invest in ME International ME Conference===
*2010, Speaker at the 5th [[Invest in ME International ME Conference]] on ''Key Note Speech: How Case Definitions Can Stigmatize: Implications for Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology''<ref>http://www.investinme.eu/IIMEC5.shtml#agenda</ref> [http://www.investinme.eu/IIMEC5.shtml#dvd DVD available]
 
*2008, Speaker at the 3rd [[Invest in ME International ME Conference]] on ''Case Definitions of ME/CFS – including paediatric case definition''<ref>http://www.investinme.eu/IIMEC3.shtml#agenda</ref> [http://www.investinme.eu/IIMEC3.shtml#dvd DVD available]
*2008, Speaker at the 3rd [[Invest in ME International ME Conference]] on ''Case Definitions of ME/CFS – including paediatric case definition''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://investinme.org/cindex.shtml | title = International ME Conferences and Colloquiums Home Page|website=investinme.org|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sph8PUysFIs (Video)]
*2010, Speaker at the 5th [[Invest in ME International ME Conference]] on ''Key Note Speech: How Case Definitions Can Stigmatize: Implications for Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology''<ref name=":1" /> [http://www.investinme.org/IIMEC5.shtml#dvd DVD available]


===ME/CFS Alert===
===ME/CFS Alert===
*2011, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtIvyKkFCHw ME/CFS Alert Episode 08 - Dr. Leonard Jason, Pt. 1]
*2011, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VCQPFopbWs ME/CFS Alert Episode 09 - Dr. Leonard Jason, Pt. 2]
*2011, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpCzZ3UORo8 ME/CFS Alert Episode 10 - Dr. Leonard Jason, Pt. 3]
*2011, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpCzZ3UORo8 ME/CFS Alert Episode 10 - Dr. Leonard Jason, Pt. 3]
*2011, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VCQPFopbWs ME/CFS Alert Episode 09 - Dr. Leonard Jason, Pt. 2]
*2011, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtIvyKkFCHw ME/CFS Alert Episode 08 - Dr. Leonard Jason, Pt. 1]


===Web seminars Science for Patients / Wetenschap voor patienten  (The Netherlands, english spoken, dutch subtitles)===
===Web seminars Science for Patients / Wetenschap voor patienten  (The Netherlands, english spoken, dutch subtitles)===
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==Books==
==Books==
*2008, [http://www.springer.com/us/book/9784431734635 ''Fatigue Science for Human Health''], edited by Yatanabe, Y., Evengard, B., [[Benjamin Natelson | Natelson, B.H.]], Jason, L.A., & Kuratsune, H.
*2003, [https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-Leonard/dp/047141512X/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1474507228&sr=8-3&keywords=Patricia+A.+Fennell ''The Handbook of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome''] by Leonard Jason, [[Patricia Fennell]] and Renée R. Taylor.<ref>Leonard Jason, Patricia A. Fennell and Renée R. Taylor. (2003) ''The Handbook of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome'' John Wiley & Sons Publishers. ISBN-10: 047141512X ISBN-13: 978-0471415121</ref>
*2001, ''[[Clinician's Guide To Controversial Illnesses: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities]]'', by Renee R. Taylor, [[Fred Friedberg]], and Leonard A. Jason<ref>http://www.prpress.com/Clinicians-Guide-To-Controversial-Illnesses-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-Fibromyalgia-and-Multiple-Chemical-Sensitivities-_p_51.html</ref>
*1998, ''Understanding Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Empirical Guide to Assessment and Treatment'', by [[Fred Friedberg]] and Leonard Jason<ref>Friedberg, Fred and Jason, Leonard. (1998). ''Understanding Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Empirical Guide to Assessment and Treatment''. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN-13: 978-1557985118
ISBN-10: 1557985111</ref>


==Online Presence==
*1998, ''Understanding Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Empirical Guide to Assessment and Treatment'', by [[Fred Friedberg]] and Leonard Jason<ref>{{Cite book | url =https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39014174 | title = Understanding chronic fatigue syndrome : an empirical guide to assessment and treatment | last = Friedberg | first = Fred | last2 = Jason | first2 = Leonard | date = 1998 | publisher=American Psychological Association|others=|isbn=1557985111|editor-link=|edition=1st|location=Washington, DC|pages=|chapter=|oclc=39014174|quote= | author-link = Fred Friedberg | authorlink2 = Leonard Jason|editor-last2 = |editor-link2 = }}</ref>
*[http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/ Website]
*2001, ''[[Clinician's Guide To Controversial Illnesses: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities]]'', by [[Renee Taylor|Renée R. Taylor]], [[Fred Friedberg]], and Leonard A. Jason<ref>http://www.prpress.com/Clinicians-Guide-To-Controversial-Illnesses-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-Fibromyalgia-and-Multiple-Chemical-Sensitivities-_p_51.html</ref>
*2003, ''[[The Handbook of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]'' by Leonard Jason, [[Patricia Fennell]] and [[Renee Taylor|Renée R. Taylor]].<ref>{{Cite book | url =https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50693363 | title = Handbook of chronic fatigue syndrome | last = Jason | first = Leonard | last2 = Fennell | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Taylor | first3 = Renée R. | date = 2003 | publisher=Wiley|others=|isbn=047141512X|editor-link=|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=|chapter=|oclc=50693363|quote= | author-link = Leonard Jason | authorlink2 = Patricia Fennell | authorlink3 = Renee Taylor|editor-last2 = |editor-link2 = }}</ref>
*2008, [http://www.springer.com/us/book/9784431734635 ''Fatigue Science for Human Health'']<ref>{{Cite book | url =https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50693363 | title = Handbook of chronic fatigue syndrome | last = Jason | first = Leonard | last2 = Fennell | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Taylor | first3 = Renée R. | date = |publisher=Wiley| year = 2003|isbn=047141512X|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=|oclc= | author-link = Leonard Jason | authorlink2 = Patricia Fennell | authorlink3 = Renee Taylor}}</ref>, edited by Yatanabe, Y., [[Birgitta Evengård|Evengard, B.]], [[Benjamin Natelson | Natelson, B.H.]], Jason, L.A., & Kuratsune, H.
*2013, (Book chapter) ''The implications of sensitization and kindling for [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]''<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Jason | first1 = Leonard A  | authorlink = Leonard Jason | last2 = Sorenson | first2 = Matthew | authorlink2 = Matthew Sorenson | last3 = Evans | first3 = Meredyth  | authorlink3 = Meredyth Evans | last4 = Brown | first4 =  Abigail | authorlink4 = Abigail Brown | last5 = Flores | first5 = S  | authorlink5 = | last6 = Sunnquist | first6 = Madison | authorlink6 = Madison Sunnquist | last7 = Schafer | first7 = C  | authorlink7 =  | title = The implications of sensitization and kindling for chronic fatigue syndrome|journal= N. Gotsiridze-Columbus (Ed.),Encephalitis, Encephalomyelitis, Encephalopathies: Symptoms, causes and potential complications (pages 73-94)| date = 2013 |publisher= New York: Nova Science}}</ref> - [http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/cpgp/article/view/20653 (Abstract)]
 
==Articles and presentations==
* Jan 2017, [https://www.leonardjason.com/myths-about-me/ Myths about ME and CFS] - presentation to the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago regarding myths regarding ME and CFS
*Sep 18, 2017, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajcp.12181/full "To Serve or Not to Serve: Ethical and Policy Implications"]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Jason | first = Leonard A. | authorlink = Leonard Jason | date = Dec 2017 | title = To Serve or Not to Serve: Ethical and Policy Implications|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajcp.12181|journal=American Journal of Community Psychology|language=en|volume=60|issue=3-4 | pages = 406–413|doi=10.1002/ajcp.12181|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref>
 
==Online presence==
*[https://www.leonardjason.com/ Website]
*[https://twitter.com/CenterRes Twitter]
*[https://twitter.com/CenterRes Twitter]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKuFeL4UINGu6Z-fpxkUQ7g YouTube Channel]
==See also==
*[[Energy Envelope Theory]]
*[[DePaul symptom questionnaire]]
*[[Ethical issues]]
*[[Stigma and discrimination]]
*[[National Institutes of Health funding]]


==Learn More==
==Learn more==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_A._Jason Wikipedia - Leonard Jason]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_A._Jason Wikipedia - Leonard Jason]
*[http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/ Leonard Jason's Home Page at DePaul University]
*[http://condor.depaul.edu/ljason/ Leonard Jason's Home Page at DePaul University]
==See Also==
*[[DePaul symptom questionnaire]]


==References==
==References==
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| title  = Validating a measure of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome symptomatology.
| journal = Fatigue: biomedicine, health & behavior    | volume = 2  | issue = 3  | page = 132-152
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| last3  = Jason        | first3 = Leonard A.          | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason 
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| title  = Differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome and major depressive disorder
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| date    = 2006
| pmid    = 17078775
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| url    = http://www.healthrising.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Hawk.-Jason.-Differential-Diagnosis-of-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-and-Major-Depressive-Disorder.pdf
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| last3  = Zinn                  | first3 =  Mark                    | authorlink3 = Mark Zinn
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| last3  = Torres-Harding    | first3 = Susan                  | authorlink3 =
| title  = The Energy Envelope Theory and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
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| last4  = Muldowney                  | first4 = K.                  | authorlink4 =
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| last3  = Evans            | first3 = M                  | authorlink3 =
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| last2  = Katz                  | first2 = Ben                    | authorlink2 =
| last3  = Gleason                  | first3 = Kristen                    | authorlink3 =
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| last3  = Sunnquist                  | first3 = Madison        | authorlink3 = Madison Sunnquist
| last4  = Furst                  | first4 = Jacob                    | authorlink4 =
| last5  = Nicholson                  | first5 = Laura                    | authorlink5 =
| last6  = Klebek                  | first6 = Lauren                    | authorlink6 =
| last7  = Jason                  | first7 = Leonard                  | authorlink7 = Leonard Jason
| title  = Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
| journal = EC Neurology    | volume = 4.1  | issue = 2  | page = 41-45
| date    = 2016
| pmid    =
| url    = https://www.ecronicon.com/ecne/pdf/ECNE-04-000085.pdf
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Pendergrast, 2016">
{{Citation
| last1  = Pendergrast                  | first1 = Tricia                    | authorlink1 =
| last2  = Brown              | first2 = Abigail                    | authorlink2 =
| last3  = Sunnquist                  | first3 = Madison            | authorlink3 =  Madison Sunnquist
| last4  = Jantke                | first4 = Rachel L.                    | authorlink4 =
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| last6  = Strand                | first6 = Elin Bolle                    | authorlink6 = Elin Strand
| last7  = Jason                  | first7 = Leonard A                  | authorlink7 = Leonard Jason
| title  = Housebound versus nonhousebound patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome
| journal = Chronic Illness    | volume =    | issue =    | page =
| date    = 2016
| doi    = 10.1177/1742395316644770
}}
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<ref name="Reeves,2003">
{{Citation
| last1  = Reeves            | first1 = W. C.              | authorlink1 = William Reeves
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| last3  = Vernon            | first3 = S. D.              | authorlink3 = Suzanne Vernon
| last4  = Klimas            | first4 = N.                | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas
| last5  = Jason            | first5 = L. A.              | authorlink5 = Leonard Jason
| last6  = Bleijenberg      | first6 = G.                | authorlink6 =
| last7  = Evengard          | first7 = B.                | authorlink7 =
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| title  = Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution
| journal = BMC Health Services Research    | volume = 3  | issue = 25 
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| doi    = 10.1186/1472-6963-3-25
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<ref name="Strand, 2016">
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| last2  = Lillestøl                  | first2 = Kristine                  | authorlink2 =
| last3  = Jason                  | first3 = Leonard A.                  | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason
| last4  = Tveito                  | first4 = Kari                    | authorlink4 =
| last5  = Diep                  | first5 = Lien My                  | authorlink5 =
| last6  = Valla                  | first6 = Simen Strand                    | authorlink6 =
| last7  = Sunnquist                  | first7 = Madison      | authorlink7 = Madison Sunnquist
| last8  = Helland                  | first8 = Ingrid B.                    | authorlink8 =
| last9  = Dammen                  | first9 = Toril                  | authorlink9 =
| title  = Comparing the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire with physician assessments: a preliminary study.
| journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior    | volume = 4  | issue = 1  | page = 52-62
| date    = 2016
| doi    = 10.1080/21641846.2015.1126026
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Thorpe, 2016">
{{Citation
| last1  = Thorpe          | first1 = Taylor            | authorlink1 =
| last2  = McManimena        | first2 = Stephanie          | authorlink2 =
| last3  = Gleasona          | first3 = Kristen            | authorlink3 =
| last4  = Stoothoff        | first4 = Jamie              | authorlink4 =
| last5  = Newton            | first5 = Julia L.          | authorlink5 = Julia Newton
| last6  = Strand            | first6 = Elin Bolle        | authorlink6 = Elin Strand
| last7  = Jason            | first7 = Leonard A.        | authorlink7 = Leonard Jason
| title  = Assessing current functioning as a measure of significant reduction in activity level
| journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior    | volume = 4  | issue = 3  | page = 175-188
| date    = 2016
| doi    = 10.1080/21641846.2016.1206176
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<ref name="Torres-Harding, 2008">
{{Citation
| last1  = Torres-Harding                  | first1 = Susan                    | authorlink1 = Susan Torres-Harding
| last2  = Sorenson                  | first2 =  Matthew                  | authorlink2 =
| last3  = Jason                | first3 = Leonard                  | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason
| last4  = Maher                | first4 = Kevin                  | authorlink4 =
| last5  = Fletcher                  | first5 = Mary Ann          | authorlink5 = Mary Ann Fletcher
| last6  = Reynolds                  | first6 =  Nadia                  | authorlink6 =
| last7  = Brown                  | first7 = Molly                  | authorlink7 = Molly Brown
| title  = The associations between basal salivary cortisol and illness symptomatology in chronic fatigue syndrome
| journal = Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research    | volume =  2008  | issue =  13  | page = 157-180
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| pmid    = 19701493
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<ref name="Zinn, 2016">
{{Citation
| last1  = Zinn                  | first1 = Marcie                  | authorlink1 = Marcie Zinn
| last2  = Zinn                  | first2 =  Mark                    | authorlink2 = Mark Zinn
| last3  = Jason                | first3 = Leonard                  | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason
| title  = Intrinsic Functional Hypoconnectivity in Core Neurocognitive Networks Suggests Central Nervous System Pathology in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Pilot Study
| journal = Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback  | volume = 41  | issue = 3  | page = 283-300
| date    = 2016
| pmid    = 26869373
| doi    = 10.1007/s10484-016-9331-3
}}
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<ref name="Zinn ML, 2016">
{{Citation
| last1  = Zinn                  | first1 = Marcie                  | authorlink1 = Marcie Zinn
| last2  = Zinn                  | first2 =  Mark                    | authorlink2 = Mark Zinn
| last3  = Jason                | first3 = Leonard                  | authorlink3 = Leonard Jason
| title  = qEEG / LORETA in Assessment of Neurocognitive Impairment in a Patient with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case Report
| journal = Clinical Research: Open Access  | volume = 2  | issue = 1  | page =
| date    = 2016
| pmid    = 26869373
| doi    = 10.16966/2469-6714.110
}}
</ref>
</References>


[[Category:People with ME, CFS, and/or FMS]]  
[[Category:People with ME, CFS, and/or FMS]]  
[[Category:Researchers]]
[[Category:Researchers]]
[[Category:USA researchers]]
[[Category:US researchers]]
[[Category:Psychological paradigm critics]]
[[Category:Psychological paradigm critics]]
[[Category:PACE trial critics]]
[[Category:PACE trial critics]]
[[Category:CFSAC members]]
[[Category:Authors]]

Latest revision as of 17:05, April 2, 2023

Source: depaul.edu

Leonard A. Jason, PhD, is a professor of psychology at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois, US and Director of the Center for Community Research at DePaul University[1] which includes the DePaul University Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Project. His ME/CFS research is mostly focused on the epidemiology and prevalence of the illness and on the impact of using various case definitions for diagnosis and research.[2]

Dr. Jason developed chronic fatigue syndrome after contracting infectious mononucleosis in 1989, necessitating a leave of absence from his university job for a year and a half. After recovering enough to return to work, he began studying chronic fatigue syndrome: “What I found was that the illness had a lousy name, chronic fatigue syndrome,” he recalled. “It had an even worse case definition. The tests used to assess people’s psychological conditions were inappropriate. The treatments being used were inappropriate. And the prevalence data was not very good. So I said to myself, ‘Boy, I’m gonna have business for the next 20 years.’”[3] He has become one of the most respected and prolific researchers of chronic fatigue syndrome.

In 2008, David Tuller profiled for The New York Times Dr. Jason's experience as both living with and researching myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).[4]

Education[edit | edit source]

  • 1971 - B.A., Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts[5]
  • 1975 - Ph.D., Clinical/Community Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York[5]

Awards[edit | edit source]

  • 1997, CSN ACTION Champion Award from the Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome Association of America (CAA)[5]
  • 2011, Rudy Perpich Senior Lectureship Award, presented to a distinguished CFS/FM scientist, physician or healthcare worker awarded by International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis[6]
  • 2011, Tom Fellows award for outstanding contributions to the Oxford House organization[5]
  • 2013, DePaul University College of Science and Health award for Excellence in Research[7]
  • 2015, American Psychological Association’s award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research[8]

Committees and boards[edit | edit source]

Pediatric case definition[edit | edit source]

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee[edit | edit source]

International American Association of CFS/ME[edit | edit source]

ME/CFS Common Data Elements (CDE) Project[edit | edit source]

Advocacy[edit | edit source]

Chilli ME Challenge[edit | edit source]

Open letter to The Lancet[edit | edit source]

Dr Jason signed all three open letters to the editor of The Lancet urging the editor to commission a fully independent review of the PACE trial, which the journal published in 2011.

Research studies related to ME/CFS[edit | edit source]

Dr. Leonard Jason is a prolific researcher of ME/CFS. Recent studies are listed below.

For complete list of studies: Research studies of Leonard Jason

  • 2019, The 'Cognitive Behavioural Model' of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Critique of a Flawed Model[18] - (Full text)
  • 2019, Myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome case definitions: effects of requiring a substantial reduction in functioning[19] - (Abstract)
  • 2019, Associations between autonomic and orthostatic self-report and physician ratings of orthostatic intolerance in youth[20] - (Abstract)
  • 2019, The development of a short form of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire[21] (Abstract)
  • 2019, Assessment of Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): A patient-driven survey[22] - (Full text)
  • 2019, Dismissing chronic illness: A qualitative analysis of negative health care experiences[23] - (Abstract)
  • 2019, The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-2: a validation study[24] - (Abstract)
  • 2019, Differentiating post-polio syndrome from myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome[25] - (Abstract)
  • 2020, How psychiatric referrals influence stigmatization in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome: An examination of American and British models[26] - (Abstract)
  • 2020, Risk factors for suicide in chronic fatigue syndrome[27] - (Abstract)
  • 2020, Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics[28] - (Full text)
  • 2020, Risks for Developing ME/CFS in College Students Following Infectious Mononucleosis: A Prospective Cohort Study[29] - (Full text)

Talks and interviews[edit | edit source]

Invest in ME International ME Conference[edit | edit source]

ME/CFS Alert[edit | edit source]

Web seminars Science for Patients / Wetenschap voor patienten (The Netherlands, english spoken, dutch subtitles)[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

Articles and presentations[edit | edit source]

Online presence[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. "Education/Academic Appointments – Leonard A. Jason". Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Trial By Error: A Q-and-A with Leonard Jason, on Case Definition". Virology blog. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  3. "Feeling fatigued: studying CFS at Northwestern". North by Northwestern. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  4. "Well". Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Leonard A. Jason's Home Page". condor.depaul.edu. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  6. "IACFS/ME Awardees". IACFS/ME. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  7. "Excellence in Research Award | Faculty Research | Research | College of Science and Health | DePaul University, Chicago". csh.depaul.edu. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  8. "Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research". American Psychological Association. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  9. Jason, Leonard A; Jordan, Karen; Miike, Teruhisa; Bell, David S; Lapp, Charles; Torres-Harding, Susan; Rowe, Kathy; Gurwitt, Alan; De Meirleir, Kenny; Van Hoof, Elke LS (2006), "A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 13 (2–3): 1–44, doi:10.1300/J092v13n02_01
  10. http://nih.granicus.com/DocumentViewer.php?file=nih_e174f9bd-ae0f-4a45-9955-827cb608db2f.pdf
  11. "Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior". tandfonline.com. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  12. "Complete Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CDE Roster". NIH. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  13. "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | NINDS Common Data Elements". commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  14. "DePaul Chili Challenge". YouTube. 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  15. Tuller, David (November 13, 2015). "An open letter to Dr. Richard Horton and The Lancet".
  16. Tuller, David (February 10, 2016). "An open letter to The Lancet, again".
  17. Tuller, David (June 19, 2018). "Trial By Error: An Open Letter to The Lancet, Two Years On".
  18. Geraghty, Keith; Jason, Leonard; Sunnquist, Madison; Blease, Charlotte; Tuller, David; Adeniji, Charles (February 2019). "The 'Cognitive Behavioural Model' of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Critique of a Flawed Model". Journal of Health Psychology. 6 (1): 2055102919838907. doi:10.1177/2055102919838907.
  19. Scartozzi, Samantha; Sunnquist, Madison; Jason, Leonard A. (April 2019). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome case definitions: effects of requiring a substantial reduction in functioning". Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior: 1–10. doi:10.1080/21641846.2019.1600825. ISSN 2164-1846.
  20. Schultz, Katlin R.; Katz, Ben Z.; Bockian, Neil R.; Jason, Leonard A. (March 2019). "Associations Between Autonomic and Orthostatic Self-report and Physician Ratings of Orthostatic Intolerance in Youth". Clinical Therapeutics. 41 (4): 633–640. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.02.010.
  21. Sunnquist, Madison; Lazarus, Savitri; Jason, Leonard A. "The development of a short form of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire". Rehabilitation Psychology. doi:10.1037/rep0000285. ISSN 1939-1544. PMID 31318234.
  22. Holtzman, Carly; Bhatia, Shaun; Cotler, Joseph; Jason, Leonard (March 2, 2019). "Assessment of Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): A Patient-Driven Survey". Diagnostics. 9 (1): 26. doi:10.3390/diagnostics9010026. ISSN 2075-4418.
  23. McManimen, Stephanie; McClellan, Damani; Stoothoff, Jamie; Gleason, Kristen; Jason, Leonard A. (March 4, 2019). "Dismissing chronic illness: A qualitative analysis of negative health care experiences". Health Care for Women International: 1–18. doi:10.1080/07399332.2018.1521811. ISSN 0739-9332.
  24. Bedree, Helen; Sunnquist, Madison; Jason, Leonard A. (August 12, 2019). "The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-2: a validation study". Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior: 1–14. doi:10.1080/21641846.2019.1653471. ISSN 2164-1846.
  25. Klebek, Lauren; Sunnquist, Madison; Jason, Leonard A. (November 6, 2019). "Differentiating post-polio syndrome from myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome". Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior: 1–11. doi:10.1080/21641846.2019.1687117. ISSN 2164-1846.
  26. Terman, Julia; Cotler, Joseph; Jason, Leonard A. (2019), How psychiatric referrals influence stigmatization in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome: An examination of American and British models, University of Salento, doi:10.1285/i24212113v5i2p19, retrieved May 29, 2020
  27. Johnson, Madeline L.; Cotler, Joseph; Terman, Julia M.; Jason, Leonard A. (June 12, 2020). "Risk factors for suicide in chronic fatigue syndrome". Death Studies: 1–7. doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1776789. ISSN 0748-1187.
  28. Islam, Mohammed F.; Cotler, Joseph; Jason, Leonard A. (April 2, 2020). "Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics". Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 8 (2): 61–69. doi:10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227. ISSN 2164-1846.
  29. Jason, Leonard A; Cotler, Joseph; Islam, Mohammed F; Sunnquist, Madison; Katz, Ben Z (December 25, 2020). "Risks for Developing ME/CFS in College Students Following Infectious Mononucleosis: A Prospective Cohort Study". Clinical Infectious Diseases: ciaa1886. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1886. ISSN 1058-4838.
  30. 30.0 30.1 "International ME Conferences and Colloquiums Home Page". investinme.org. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  31. Friedberg, Fred; Jason, Leonard (1998). Understanding chronic fatigue syndrome : an empirical guide to assessment and treatment (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 1557985111. OCLC 39014174.
  32. http://www.prpress.com/Clinicians-Guide-To-Controversial-Illnesses-Chronic-Fatigue-Syndrome-Fibromyalgia-and-Multiple-Chemical-Sensitivities-_p_51.html
  33. Jason, Leonard; Fennell, Patricia; Taylor, Renée R. (2003). Handbook of chronic fatigue syndrome. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 047141512X. OCLC 50693363.
  34. Jason, Leonard; Fennell, Patricia; Taylor, Renée R. (2003). Handbook of chronic fatigue syndrome. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 047141512X.
  35. Jason, Leonard A; Sorenson, Matthew; Evans, Meredyth; Brown, Abigail; Flores, S; Sunnquist, Madison; Schafer, C (2013). The implications of sensitization and kindling for chronic fatigue syndrome. N. Gotsiridze-Columbus (Ed.),Encephalitis, Encephalomyelitis, Encephalopathies: Symptoms, causes and potential complications (pages 73-94). New York: Nova Science.
  36. Jason, Leonard A. (December 2017). "To Serve or Not to Serve: Ethical and Policy Implications". American Journal of Community Psychology. 60 (3–4): 406–413. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12181.