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Kynurenine pathway
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[[File:Kynurenine pathway.jpg|right|upright=1|thumb|'''Kynurenine pathway'''<br>''Source: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01360/full Mellor AL, Lemos H and Huang L (2017). Front. Immunol.8:1360.]'']] The '''kynurenine pathway''' or '''tryptophan kynurenine pathway''' is the primary route for metabolizing the essential amino acid [[tryptophan]] in humans and other mammals<ref name="PMC3195227">{{Cite journal | last = Chen | first = Yiquan | last2 = Guillemin | first2 = Gilles J. | date = 2009-01-08 | title = Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans: Disease and Healthy States|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195227/|journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research : IJTR|volume=2|pages=1–19|issn=1178-6469|pmc=3195227|pmid=22084578}}</ref> in order to generate cellular energy in the form of [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]] (NAD+).<ref name="Savitz2020" /><ref name="PMC4482796">{{Cite journal | last = Davis | first = I. | authorlink = | last2 = Liu | first2 = A. | authorlink2 = | date = Jul 2015 | title = What is the tryptophan kynurenine pathway and why is it important to neurotherapeutics?|url=https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4482796/|journal=Expert review of neurotherapeutics|volume=15|issue=7 | pages = 719–721|doi=10.1586/14737175.2015.1049999|issn=1473-7175|pmc=|pmid=26004930|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> If the kynurenine pathway becomes dysregulated or overactive, it can activate the [[immune system]] and result in a build-up of potentially neurotoxic compounds in the body.<ref name="PMC4482796" /> ==Function== [[File:Kynurenine pathway diagram.png|right|upright=1.5|thumb|'''Schematic representation of the kynurenine pathway.'''<br>Key: IDO1: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1; IDO2: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2; TDO2: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; TPH1: Tryptophan hydroxylase 1; TPH2: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2; AFMID: arylformamidase; KMO: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; CCBL1: kynurenine aminotransferase I; AADAT: kynurenine aminotransferase II; CCBL2: kynurenine aminotransferase III; KYNU: kynureninase; HAAO: 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase; QPRT, quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase; ACMSD: aminocarboxymuconate semialdehyde decarboxylase. ''Source: [https://dx.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158051 Favennec et al. (2016). PLoS ONE 11(6): e0158051]'']] {{clear}} ==ME/CFS== The [[metabolic trap]] hypothesis suggests that a metabolic problem exists in one or more areas of a person with ME/CFS, with a defect in the [[IDO2]] enzyme of the tryptophan kynurenine pathway being identified as a possible metabolic trap. In April 2020, the [[Open Medicine Foundation]] announced a pilot treatment trial of [[kynurenine]] for [[ME/CFS]] patients.<ref name="omftrial">{{Cite web|url=https://www.omf.ngo/2020/04/26/kynurenine-clinical-trial-for-me-cfs/ | title = Kynurenine Clinical Trial for ME/CFS | last = Open Medicine Foundation | first = | authorlink = Open Medicine Foundation | date = Apr 26, 2020|website=Open Medicine Foundation|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> {{See also|Metabolic trap}} ==Notable studies== *2022, Post-acute COVID-19 cognitive impairment and decline uniquely associate with kynurenine pathway activation: a longitudinal observational study<ref name="Cysique2022">{{Cite journal | title = Post-acute COVID-19 cognitive impairment and decline uniquely associate with kynurenine pathway activation: a longitudinal observational study | date = 2022-06-07|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.22276020v1|journal=Medrxiv|volume=|issue=|pages=2022.06.07.22276020 | last = Cysique | first = Lucette A. | authorlink = | last2 = Jakabek | first2 = David | authorlink2 = | last3 = Bracken | first3 = Sophia G. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Allen-Davidian | first4 = Yasmin | authorlink4 = | last5 = Heng | first5 = Benjamin | authorlink5 = | last6 = Chow | first6 = Sharron | authorlink6 = | last7 = Dehhaghi | first7 = Mona | last8 = Pires | first8 = Ananda Staats | last9 = Darley | first9 = David R. | last10 = Byrne | first10 = Anthony | last11 = Phetsouphanh | first11 = Chansavath|language=en|doi=10.1101/2022.06.07.22276020v1|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.22276020v1.full.pdf (Full text)]- not yet peer reviewed *2022, Could the kynurenine pathway be the key missing piece of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) complex puzzle?<ref name="Kavyani2022">{{Cite journal | title = Could the kynurenine pathway be the key missing piece of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) complex puzzle? | date = 2022-07-11|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04380-5|journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences|volume=79|issue=8 | pages = 412 | last = Kavyani | first = Bahar | authorlink = | last2 = Lidbury | first2 = Brett A. | authorlink2 = Brett Lidbury | last3 = Schloeffel | first3 = Richard | authorlink3 = Richard Schloeffel | last4 = Fisher | first4 = Paul R. | authorlink4 = Paul Fisher | last5 = Missailidis | first5 = Daniel | authorlink5 = | last6 = Annesley | first6 = Sarah J. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Dehhaghi | first7 = Mona | last8 = Heng | first8 = Benjamin | last9 = Guillemin | first9 = Gilles J.|language=en|doi=10.1007/s00018-022-04380-5|pmc=PMC9276562|pmid=35821534|access-date=|issn=1420-9071|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04380-5 (Full text)] *2021, Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Oxidative Stress during Neurodegenerative Disorders<ref name="Mor2021">{{Cite journal | title = Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Oxidative Stress during Neurodegenerative Disorders | date = 2021-06-26|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8306609/|journal=Cells|volume=10|issue=7|pages=1603 | last = Mor | first = Adrian | last2 = Tankiewicz-Kwedlo | first2 = Anna | last3 = Krupa | first3 = Anna | last4 = Pawlak | first4 = Dariusz|doi=10.3390/cells10071603|pmc=8306609|pmid=34206739|issn=2073-4409}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8306609/ (Full text)] *2021, Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Migraine and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders<ref name="Fila2021">{{Cite journal | title = Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Migraine and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders | date = 2021-09-20|url=https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810134|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=18|pages=10134 | last = Fila | first = Michal | last2 = Chojnacki | first2 = Jan | last3 = Pawlowska | first3 = Elzbieta | last4 = Szczepanska | first4 = Joanna | last5 = Chojnacki | first5 = Cezary | last6 = Blasiak | first6 = Janusz|doi=10.3390/ijms221810134|pmc=PMC8469852|pmid=34576297|issn=1422-0067}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810134 (Full text)] *2021, Incomplete Systemic Recovery and Metabolic Phenoreversion in Post-Acute-Phase Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Assessment of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome<ref name="Holmes2021">{{Cite journal | title = Incomplete Systemic Recovery and Metabolic Phenoreversion in Post-Acute-Phase Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Assessment of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome | date = 2021-06-04|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224|journal=Journal of Proteome Research|volume=20|issue=6 | pages = 3315–3329 | last = Holmes | first = Elaine | last2 = Wist | first2 = Julien | last3 = Masuda | first3 = Reika | last4 = Lodge | first4 = Samantha | last5 = Nitschke | first5 = Philipp | last6 = Kimhofer | first6 = Torben | last7 = Loo | first7 = Ruey Leng | last8 = Begum | first8 = Sofina | last9 = Boughton | first9 = Berin | last10 = Yang | first10 = Rongchang | last11 = Morillon | first11 = Aude-Claire|doi=10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224|pmc=PMC8147448|pmid=34009992|issn=1535-3893}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224 (Full text)] *2021, Co-players in chronic pain: Neuroinflammation and the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway<ref name="Tanaka2021">{{Cite journal | title = Co-Players in Chronic Pain: Neuroinflammation and the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway | date = 2021-07-26|url=https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080897|journal=Biomedicines|volume=9|issue=8 | pages = 897 | last = Tanaka | first = Masaru | last2 = Török | first2 = Nóra | last3 = Tóth | first3 = Fanni | last4 = Szabó | first4 = Ágnes | last5 = Vécsei | first5 = László|doi=10.3390/biomedicines9080897|pmc=PMC8389666|pmid=34440101|issn=2227-9059}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Masaru-Tanaka-5/publication/352120400_Co-Players_in_Chronic_Pain_Neuroinflammation_and_the_Tryptophan-Kynurenine_Metabolic_Pathway/links/60b9e9f0299bf10dff924e8e/Co-Players-in-Chronic-Pain-Neuroinflammation-and-the-Tryptophan-Kynurenine-Metabolic-Pathway.pdf (Full text)] *2021, Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Simonato2021">{{Cite journal | title = Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2021-11-19|url=https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111724|journal=Biomedicines|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1724 | last = Simonato | first = Manuela | last2 = Dall’Acqua | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Zilli | first3 = Caterina | last4 = Sut | first4 = Stefania | last5 = Tenconi | first5 = Romano | last6 = Gallo | first6 = Nicoletta | last7 = Sfriso | first7 = Paolo | last8 = Sartori | first8 = Leonardo | last9 = Cavallin | first9 = Francesco | last10 = Fiocco | first10 = Ugo | last11 = Cogo | first11 = Paola|doi=10.3390/biomedicines9111724|pmc=PMC8615774|pmid=34829952|issn=2227-9059}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111724 (Full text)] * 2021, Kynurenine Metabolites and Ratios Differ Between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Healthy Controls<ref name="Groven2021">{{Cite journal | title = Kynurenine metabolites and ratios differ between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and healthy controls | date = 2021-09-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030645302100161X|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=131|pages=105287 | last = Groven | first = Nina | last2 = Reitan | first2 = Solveig Klæbo | last3 = Fors | first3 = Egil Andreas | last4 = Guzey | first4 = Ismail Cuneyt|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105287|issn=0306-4530}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030645302100161X (Full text)] * 2021, Increased Kynurenine Indicates a Fatal Course of COVID-19<ref name="Mangge2021">{{Cite journal | title = Increased Kynurenine Indicates a Fatal Course of COVID-19 | date = 2021-12-07|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34943063/|journal=Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=10|issue=12|pages=1960 | last = Mangge | first = Harald | last2 = Herrmann | first2 = Markus | last3 = Meinitzer | first3 = Andreas | last4 = Pailer | first4 = Sabine | last5 = Curcic | first5 = Pero | last6 = Sloup | first6 = Zdenka | last7 = Holter | first7 = Magdalena | last8 = Prüller | first8 = Florian|doi=10.3390/antiox10121960|pmid=34943063|issn=2076-3921}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/12/1960 (Full text)] * 2021, A map of metabolic phenotypes in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Hoel2021">{{Cite journal | title = A map of metabolic phenotypes in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8409979/|journal=JCI Insight|volume=6|issue=16| pages = e149217 | last = Hoel | first = Fredrik | authorlink = | last2 = Hoel | first2 = August | authorlink2 = | last3 = Pettersen | first3 = Ina K.N. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Rekeland | first4 = Ingrid G. | authorlink4 = Ingrid Rekeland | last5 = Risa | first5 = Kristin | authorlink5 = | last6 = Alme | first6 = Kine | authorlink6 = | last7 = Sørland | first7 = Kari | last8 = Fosså | first8 = Alexander | last9 = Lien | first9 = Katarina | last10 = Herder | first10 = Ingrid | last11 = Thürmer | first11 = Hanne L.|doi=10.1172/jci.insight.149217|pmc=8409979|pmid=34423789|access-date=|issn=2379-3708|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8409979/ (Full text)] *2020, The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie<ref name="Savitz2020">{{Cite journal | title = The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie | date = Jan 2020|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-019-0414-4|journal=Molecular Psychiatry|volume=25|issue=1|pages=131–147 | last = Savitz | first = Jonathan | authorlink = |language=en|doi=10.1038/s41380-019-0414-4|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1476-5578|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-019-0414-4 (Full text)] *2020, IDO and kynurenine metabolites in peripheral and CNS disorders<ref name="Huang2020">{{Cite journal | title = IDO and Kynurenine Metabolites in Peripheral and CNS Disorders | date = 2020 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=11 | pages = 388 | last = Huang | first = Yi-Shu | last2 = Ogbechi | first2 = Joy | last3 = Clanchy | first3 = Felix I. | last4 = Williams | first4 = Richard O. | last5 = Stone | first5 = Trevor W.|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388|issn=1664-3224}}</ref> - [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388/full (Full text)] *2020, Chronic fatigue and depression due to multiple sclerosis: Immune-inflammatory pathways, tryptophan catabolites and the gut-brain axis as possible shared pathways<ref name="Ormstad2020">{{Cite journal | title = Chronic fatigue and depression due to multiple sclerosis: Immune-inflammatory pathways, tryptophan catabolites and the gut-brain axis as possible shared pathways | date = Nov 2020|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33010585/|journal=Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders|volume=46|issue=|pages=102533 | last = Ormstad | first = Heidi | authorlink = | last2 = Simonsen | first2 = Cecilia Smith | authorlink2 = | last3 = Broch | first3 = Line | authorlink3 = | last4 = Maes | first4 = Dr Michael | authorlink4 = | last5 = Anderson | first5 = George | authorlink5 = | last6 = Celius | first6 = Elisabeth G. | authorlink6 = |doi=10.1016/j.msard.2020.102533|pmc=|pmid=33010585|access-date=|issn=2211-0356|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George-Anderson-8/publication/344440595_Chronic_fatigue_and_depression_due_to_multiple_sclerosis_Immune-_inflammatory_pathways_tryptophan_catabolites_and_the_gut-brain_axis_as_possible_shared_pathways/links/6026b9ca45851589399ed50c/Chronic-fatigue-and-depression-due-to-multiple-sclerosis-Immune-inflammatory-pathways-tryptophan-catabolites-and-the-gut-brain-axis-as-possible-shared-pathways.pdf (Full text)] *2020, Accumulation of kynurenine elevates oxidative stress and alters microRNA profile in human bone marrow stromal cells<ref name="Dalton2020">{{Cite journal | title = Accumulation of kynurenine elevates oxidative stress and alters microRNA profile in human bone marrow stromal cells | date = 2020-02-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556519305881|journal=Experimental Gerontology|volume=130|pages=110800 | last = Dalton | first = Sherwood | last2 = Smith | first2 = Kathryn | last3 = Singh | first3 = Kanwar | last4 = Kaiser | first4 = Helen | last5 = Kolhe | first5 = Ravindra | last6 = Mondal | first6 = Ashis K. | last7 = Khayrullin | first7 = Andrew | last8 = Isales | first8 = Carlos M. | last9 = Hamrick | first9 = Mark W. | last10 = Hill | first10 = William D. | last11 = Fulzele | first11 = Sadanand|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.exger.2019.110800|issn=0531-5565}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556519305881 (Full text)] *2019, The plasma [kynurenine]/[tryptophan] ratio and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase: time for appraisal<ref name="Badawy2019">{{Cite journal | title = The Plasma [Kynurenine]/[Tryptophan] Ratio and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: Time for Appraisal | date = 2019-01-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1178646919868978|journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research|volume=12|pages=1178646919868978 | last = Badawy | first = Abdulla A-B | last2 = Guillemin | first2 = Gilles|language=en|doi=10.1177/1178646919868978|pmc=PMC6710706|pmid=31488951|issn=1178-6469}}</ref> - [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1178646919868978 (Full text)] * 2019, The IDO Metabolic Trap Hypothesis for the Etiology of ME/CFS<ref name="Phair2019">{{Cite journal | last = Phair | first = Robert D. | authorlink = Robert Phair | last2 = Davis | first2 = Ronald W. | authorlink2 = Ron Davis | last3 = Kashi | first3 = Alex A. | authorlink3 = Alex Kashi | date = 2019 | title=The IDO Metabolic Trap Hypothesis for the Etiology of ME/CFS|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/3/82|journal=Diagnostics|language=en|volume=9|issue=3 | pages = 82|doi=10.3390/diagnostics9030082|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/3/82/htm (Full text)] *2018, Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolites in Exercise and Mental Health<ref name="Silva2018">{{Cite book | title = Hormones, Metabolism and the Benefits of Exercise |chapter=Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolites in Exercise and Mental Health | date = 2017 | chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543788/ | last = Valente-Silva | first = Paula | last2 = Ruas | first2 = Jorge Lira|isbn=978-3-319-72789-9|location=Cham (CH)|publisher=Springer|editor-last = Spiegelman|editor-first = Bruce|pmid=31314466}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543788/ (Chapter)] *2017, Kynurenines: Tryptophan's metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health<ref name="Cervenka2017">{{Cite journal | title = Kynurenines: Tryptophan's metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health | date = 2017-07-28|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aaf9794|journal=Science|volume=357|issue=6349| pages = eaaf9794 | last = Cervenka | first = Igor | authorlink = | last2 = Agudelo | first2 = Leandro Z. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Ruas | first3 = Jorge L. | authorlink3 = |language=EN|doi=10.1126/science.aaf9794|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf9794 (Abstract)] *2017, Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tolerance: Where Are We Now?<ref name="Mellor2017">{{Cite journal | last = Mellor | first = Andrew L. | last2 = Lemos | first2 = Henrique | last3 = Huang | first3 = Lei | date = 2017 | title=Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tolerance: Where Are We Now?|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01360/full|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|language=English|volume=8|pages=1360|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2017.01360|issn=1664-3224}}</ref> - [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01360/full (Full text)] * 2017, The Kynurenine Pathway As a Novel Link between Allergy and the Gut Microbiome<ref name="Leek2017">{{Cite journal | last = Van der Leek | first = Aaron P. | authorlink = | last2 = Yanishevsky | first2 = Yarden | authorlink2 = | last3 = Kozyrskyj | first3 = Anita L. | authorlink3 = | date = 2017 | title=The Kynurenine Pathway As a Novel Link between Allergy and the Gut Microbiome|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01374/full|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|language=English|volume=8|issue=|pages=1374|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2017.01374|issn=1664-3224|pmc=5681735|pmid=29163472|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01374 (Full text)] *2015, What is the tryptophan kynurenine pathway and why is it important to neurotherapeutics?<ref name="PMC4482796" /> - [https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4482796/ (Full text)] * 2014, Activation of the kynurenine pathway in the acute phase of stroke and its role in fatigue and depression following stroke<ref name="Ormstad2014">{{Cite journal | last = Ormstad | first = Heidi | authorlink = | last2 = Verkerk | first2 = Robert | authorlink2 = | last3 = Amthor | first3 = Karl-Friedrich | authorlink3 = | last4 = Sandvik | first4 = Leiv | authorlink4 = | date = 2014 | title = Activation of the kynurenine pathway in the acute phase of stroke and its role in fatigue and depression following stroke|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heidi_Ormstad/publication/261069257_Activation_of_the_Kynurenine_Pathway_in_the_Acute_Phase_of_Stroke_and_its_Role_in_Fatigue_and_Depression_Following_Stroke/links/0deec5344edd3d2542000000.pdf | journal=Journal of molecular neuroscience: MN|volume=54|issue=2|pages=181–187|doi=10.1007/s12031-014-0272-0|issn=1559-1166|pmc=|pmid=24664436|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heidi_Ormstad/publication/261069257_Activation_of_the_Kynurenine_Pathway_in_the_Acute_Phase_of_Stroke_and_its_Role_in_Fatigue_and_Depression_Following_Stroke/links/0deec5344edd3d2542000000.pdf (Full text)] * 2004, Heterogeneity of serum tryptophan concentration and availability to the brain in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Badaway2005">{{Cite journal | last = Badawy | first = Abdulla A.-B. | authorlink = | last2 = Morgan | first2 = Christopher J. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Llewelyn | first3 = Meirion B. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Albuquerque | first4 = Selwyn R.J. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Farmer | first5 = Anne | authorlink5 = | date = Jul 2005 | title = Heterogeneity of serum tryptophan concentration and availability to the brain in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.612.9826&rep=rep1&type=pdf|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)|volume=19|issue=4 | pages = 385–391|doi=10.1177/0269881105053293|issn=0269-8811|pmc=|pmid=15982993|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.612.9826&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Full text)] * 1992, Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease<ref name="Heyes1992">{{Cite journal | last = Heyes | first = M.P. | authorlink = | last2 = Saito | first2 = K. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Crowley | first3 = J.S. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Davis | first4 = L.E. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Demitrack | first5 = M.A. | author-link5 = | last6 = Der | first6 = M. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Dilling | first7 = L.A. |last8 = Elia | first8 = J. | last9 = Kruesi | first9 = M.J. | date = Oct 1992 | title = Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanford_Markey/publication/31147568_Quinolinic_acid_and_kynurenine_pathway_metabolism_in_inflammatory_and_non-inflammatory_neurological_disease/links/55b627f308ae092e9655bce4/Quinolinic-acid-and-kynurenine-pathway-metabolism-in-inflammatory-and-non-inflammatory-neurological-disease.pdf | journal=Brain: A Journal of Neurology|volume=115 |issue=Pt 5|pages=1249–1273|doi=10.1093/brain/115.5.1249|issn=0006-8950|pmc=|pmid=1422788|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanford_Markey/publication/31147568_Quinolinic_acid_and_kynurenine_pathway_metabolism_in_inflammatory_and_non-inflammatory_neurological_disease/links/55b627f308ae092e9655bce4/Quinolinic-acid-and-kynurenine-pathway-metabolism-in-inflammatory-and-non-inflammatory-neurological-disease.pdf (Full text)] ==See also== * [[Metabolic trap]] * [[Kynurenine]] * [[Metabolism]] * [[Tryptophan]] * [[Kynurenine pathway hypothesis]] * [[Open Medicine Foundation]] ==Learn more== *[https://www.omf.ngo/2020/04/26/kynurenine-clinical-trial-for-me-cfs/ Kynurenine Clinical Trial for ME/CFS] - Open Medicine Foundation ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Metabolic pathways]] [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Metabolism]]
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