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Intravenous immunoglobulin
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==Risks & safety== The risks of IGIV administration must be carefully weighed against potential benefits. From 1-15% of people receiving IVIG infusions report mild self-limited symptoms, including: fever, chills, headache, myalgia, nausea and/or vomiting, low back pain, increased heart rate, blood pressure changes, shortness of breath and chest tightness. Onset of symptoms range from 30 minutes to several days post-infusion. The cause is thought to be from pathogen die-off and/or a mild allergic reaction. As with any blood product, severe and even fatal anaphylactoid reactions may occur. When using IVIG, the risk is in patients with anti-IgA antibodies of the IgG and IgE isotypes in the patient's serum, though this condition is extremely rare.<ref name="duhem1994" /><ref>[https://primaryimmune.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Work-Group-Report-III.pdf American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology β Work Group Report on the appropriate use of intravenously administered immunoglobulin (IGIV)] (pdf)</ref> Reports of renal failure associated with IVIG occur in less than 1% of cases. Caution is urged for those patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency.<ref name="ahsan1998" /> One case study recorded a paradoxical effect where IVIG administration increased the replication of [[Parvovirus B19]], a pathogen associated with CFS.<ref name="attard2015" />
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