Intestinal permeability: Difference between revisions

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The '''"leaky gut" syndrome''' or '''increased intestinal permeability''' or '''chronic increase of intestinal permeability''' hypothesis states that certain stressors increase intestinal mucosal paracellular permeability, which allows harmful [[bacteria]] and bacterial [[toxin]]s to cross through the lining of intestines (gut) into circulation in the body, which is then proposed causes widespread [[inflammation]] and triggers a variety of diseases.<ref name="Hollander2020" /><ref name="Usuda2020">{{Cite journal | title = Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier | date = 2021-07-16|url=https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147613|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=14 | pages = 7613 | last = Usuda | first = Haruki | last2 = Okamoto | first2 = Takayuki | last3 = Wada | first3 = Koichiro|doi=10.3390/ijms22147613|pmc=PMC8305009|pmid=34299233|issn=1422-0067}}</ref> In a healthy [[gastrointestinal system|digestive tract]], the intestinal walls provide a tight, selective barrier to allow the absorption of nutrients but prevent the entry of bacteria or [[pathogen]]s.<ref name="Usuda2020" /><br>
The '''"leaky gut" syndrome''' or '''increased intestinal permeability''' or '''chronic increase of intestinal permeability''' hypothesis states that certain stressors increase intestinal mucosal paracellular permeability, which allows harmful [[bacteria]] and bacterial [[toxin]]s to cross through the lining of intestines (gut) into circulation in the body, which is then proposed causes widespread [[inflammation]] and triggers a variety of diseases.<ref name="Hollander2020" /><ref name="Usuda2020">{{Cite journal | title = Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier | date = 2021-07-16 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147613|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=14 | pages = 7613 | last = Usuda | first = Haruki | last2 = Okamoto | first2 = Takayuki | last3 = Wada | first3 = Koichiro|doi=10.3390/ijms22147613|pmc=PMC8305009|pmid=34299233|issn=1422-0067}}</ref> In a healthy [[gastrointestinal system|digestive tract]], the intestinal walls provide a tight, selective barrier to allow the absorption of nutrients but prevent the entry of bacteria or [[pathogen]]s.<ref name="Usuda2020" /><br>


The leaky gut hypothesis has been linked to [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS), [[Alzheimer's disease]], asthma, [[diabetes#type_2|type 2 diabetes]], numerous gastrointestinal diseases, and many others illnesses, although evidence supporting this is largely limited or lacking.<ref name="Hollander2020" />  
The leaky gut hypothesis has been linked to [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS), [[Alzheimer's disease]], asthma, [[diabetes#type_2|type 2 diabetes]], numerous gastrointestinal diseases, and many others illnesses, although evidence supporting this is largely limited or lacking.<ref name="Hollander2020" />  
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==Notable studies==
==Notable studies==
* 2007, Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Maes2007a">{{Cite journal | title = Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome | date = Dec 2007|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063928/?dopt=Abstract|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=28|issue=6 | pages = 739–744 | last = Maes | first = Michael | author-link=Michael Maes | last2 = Coucke | first2 = Francis | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | authorlink3 = |doi=|pmc=|pmid=18063928|access-date=|issn=0172-780X|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Maes-5/publication/5784249_Normalization_of_the_increased_translocation_of_endotoxin_from_Gram_negative_enterobacteria_leaky_gut_is_accompanied_by_a_remission_of_chronic_fatigue_syndrome/links/5bbed49945851572315ed4a6/Normalization-of-the-increased-translocation-of-endotoxin-from-Gram-negative-enterobacteria-leaky-gut-is-accompanied-by-a-remission-of-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.pdf?origin=publication_detail (Full text)]
* 2007, Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Maes2007a">{{Cite journal | title = Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome | date = Dec 2007 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063928/?dopt=Abstract|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=28|issue=6 | pages = 739–744 | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Coucke | first2 = Francis | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | authorlink3 = |doi=|pmc=|pmid=18063928|access-date=|issn=0172-780X|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Maes-5/publication/5784249_Normalization_of_the_increased_translocation_of_endotoxin_from_Gram_negative_enterobacteria_leaky_gut_is_accompanied_by_a_remission_of_chronic_fatigue_syndrome/links/5bbed49945851572315ed4a6/Normalization-of-the-increased-translocation-of-endotoxin-from-Gram-negative-enterobacteria-leaky-gut-is-accompanied-by-a-remission-of-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.pdf?origin=publication_detail (Full text)]
*2007, Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syn- drome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability<ref name="Maes2007b">{{Cite journal | title = Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut–intestinal permeability | date = 2007-04-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706003557|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=99|issue=1 | pages = 237–240 | last = Maes | first = Michael | author-link=Michael Maes | last2 = Mihaylova | first2 = Ivana | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | authorlink3 = Jean Leunis|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0165-0327|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.academia.edu/download/63389849/j.jad.2006.08.02120200521-7203-5ck8jy.pdf (Full text)]
*2007, Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syn- drome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability<ref name="Maes2007b">{{Cite journal | title = Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut–intestinal permeability | date = 2007-04-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706003557|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=99|issue=1 | pages = 237–240 | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Mihaylova | first2 = Ivana | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | authorlink3 = Jean Leunis|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0165-0327|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.academia.edu/download/63389849/j.jad.2006.08.02120200521-7203-5ck8jy.pdf (Full text)]
*2013, High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients<ref name="Fremont2013">{{Cite journal | title = High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients | date = 2013-08-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929|journal=Anaerobe|volume=22 | pages = 50–56 | last = Frémont | first = Marc | last2 = Coomans | first2 = Danny | last3 = Massart | first3 = Sebastien | last4 = De Meirleir | first4 = Kenny | authorlink4 = Kenny De Meirleir |language=en|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.002|issn=1075-9964}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929 (Full text)]
*2013, High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients<ref name="Fremont2013">{{Cite journal | title = High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients | date = 2013-08-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929|journal=Anaerobe|volume=22 | pages = 50–56 | last = Frémont | first = Marc | last2 = Coomans | first2 = Danny | last3 = Massart | first3 = Sebastien | last4 = De Meirleir | first4 = Kenny | authorlink4 = Kenny De Meirleir |language=en|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.002|issn=1075-9964}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929 (Full text)]
*2015, Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto) immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers<ref name="Maes2015a">{{Cite journal | title = Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto)immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers | date = 2015 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707044/|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=36|issue=5 | pages = 439–446 | last = Maes | first = Michael | author-link=Michael Maes | last2 = Bosmans | first2 = Eugene | authorlink2 = | last3 = Kubera | first3 = Marta | authorlink3 = |doi=|pmc=|pmid=26707044|access-date=|issn=0172-780X|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707044/ (Abstract)]
*2015, Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto) immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers<ref name="Maes2015a">{{Cite journal | title = Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto)immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers | date = 2015 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707044/|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=36|issue=5 | pages = 439–446 | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Bosmans | first2 = Eugene | authorlink2 = | last3 = Kubera | first3 = Marta | authorlink3 = |doi=|pmc=|pmid=26707044|access-date=|issn=0172-780X|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707044/ (Abstract)]
*2015, Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Shukla2015">{{Cite journal | title = Changes in Gut and Plasma Microbiome following Exercise Challenge in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2015-12-18|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=12| pages = e0145453 | last = Shukla | first = Sanjay K. | authorlinklink= | last2 = Cook | first2 = Dane | authorlink2 = Dane Cook | last3 = Meyer | first3 = Jacob | authorlink3 = | last4 = Vernon | first4 = Suzanne D. | authorlink4 = Suzanne Vernon | last5 = Le | first5 = Thao | authorlink5 = | last6 = Clevidence | first6 = Derek | authorlink6 = | last7 = Robertson | first7 = Charles E. | last8 = Schrodi | first8 = Steven J. | last9 = Yale | first9 = Steven | last10 = Frank | first10 = Daniel N.|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453|pmc=PMC4684203|pmid=26683192|access-date=|issn=1932-6203|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453 (Full text)]
*2015, Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Shukla2015">{{Cite journal | title = Changes in Gut and Plasma Microbiome following Exercise Challenge in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2015-12-18 | url = https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=12| pages = e0145453 | last = Shukla | first = Sanjay K. | authorlink = | last2 = Cook | first2 = Dane | authorlink2 = Dane Cook | last3 = Meyer | first3 = Jacob | authorlink3 = | last4 = Vernon | first4 = Suzanne D. | authorlink4 = Suzanne Vernon | last5 = Le | first5 = Thao | authorlink5 = | last6 = Clevidence | first6 = Derek | authorlink6 = | last7 = Robertson | first7 = Charles E. | last8 = Schrodi | first8 = Steven J. | last9 = Yale | first9 = Steven | last10 = Frank | first10 = Daniel N.|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453|pmc=PMC4684203|pmid=26683192|access-date=|issn=1932-6203|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453 (Full text)]
* 2016, The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease type 1 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Morris2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2016 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634186/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=22|issue=40 | pages = 6058–6075 | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | author-link=Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = André F. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Caso | first4 = Javier R. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sanz | first5 = Yolanda | authorlink5 = | last6 = Maes | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = Michael Maes|doi=10.2174/1381612822666160914182822|pmc=|pmid=27634186|access-date=|issn=1873-4286|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308201841_The_Role_of_Microbiota_and_Intestinal_Permeability_in_the_Pathophysiology_of_Autoimmune_and_Neuroimmune_Processes_with_an_Emphasis_on_Inflammatory_Bowel_Disease_Type_1_Diabetes_and_Chronic_Fatigue_Syn (Full text)]
* 2016, The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease type 1 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Morris2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2016 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634186/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=22|issue=40 | pages = 6058–6075 | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = André F. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Caso | first4 = Javier R. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sanz | first5 = Yolanda | authorlink5 = | last6 = Maes | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = Michael Maes|doi=10.2174/1381612822666160914182822|pmc=|pmid=27634186|access-date=|issn=1873-4286|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308201841_The_Role_of_Microbiota_and_Intestinal_Permeability_in_the_Pathophysiology_of_Autoimmune_and_Neuroimmune_Processes_with_an_Emphasis_on_Inflammatory_Bowel_Disease_Type_1_Diabetes_and_Chronic_Fatigue_Syn (Full text)]
*2016, A role for the intestinal microbiota and virome in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Vavaneetharaja2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2016 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634186/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=22|issue=40 | pages = 6058–6075 | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | author-link=Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = André F. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Caso | first4 = Javier R. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sanz | first5 = Yolanda | authorlink5 = | last6 = Maes | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = Michael Maes|doi=10.2174/1381612822666160914182822|pmc=|pmid=27634186|access-date=|issn=1873-4286|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.mdpi.com/142986 (Full text)]
*2016, A role for the intestinal microbiota and virome in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Vavaneetharaja2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2016 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634186/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=22|issue=40 | pages = 6058–6075 | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = André F. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Caso | first4 = Javier R. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sanz | first5 = Yolanda | authorlink5 = | last6 = Maes | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = Michael Maes|doi=10.2174/1381612822666160914182822|pmc=|pmid=27634186|access-date=|issn=1873-4286|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.mdpi.com/142986 (Full text)]
*2018, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications<ref name="microbiota2018">{{Cite journal | title = The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications | date = 2021-10-29|url=https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=10|issue=21 | pages = 5077 | last = Varesi | first = Angelica | last2 = Deumer | first2 = Undine-Sophie | last3 = Ananth | first3 = Sanjana | last4 = Ricevuti | first4 = Giovanni|doi=10.3390/jcm10215077|pmc=PMC8584653|pmid=34768601|issn=2077-0383}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077 (Full text)]
*2018, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications<ref name="microbiota2018">{{Cite journal | title = The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications | date = 2021-10-29 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=10|issue=21 | pages = 5077 | last = Varesi | first = Angelica | last2 = Deumer | first2 = Undine-Sophie | last3 = Ananth | first3 = Sanjana | last4 = Ricevuti | first4 = Giovanni|doi=10.3390/jcm10215077|pmc=PMC8584653|pmid=34768601|issn=2077-0383}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077 (Full text)]
*2018, A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Vipond2018">{{Cite web | title = A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2018|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/70522/ | last = Vipond | first = Daniel | author-link=Daniel Vipond|work=University of East Anglia|volume=|issue=|pages=|access-date=}}</ref> [https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/70522/1/DV_thesis_final2019.pdf (Thesis - Full text)]
*2018, A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Vipond2018">{{Cite web | title = A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2018 | url = https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/70522/ | last = Vipond | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Vipond|work=University of East Anglia|volume=|issue=|pages=|access-date=}}</ref> [https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/70522/1/DV_thesis_final2019.pdf (Thesis - Full text)]
*2020, The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations?<ref name="Hollander2020">{{Cite journal | title = The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations? | date = May 2020|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193723/|journal=Digestive diseases and sciences|volume=65|issue=5|pages=1277–1287 | last = Hollander | first = Daniel | author-link= | last2 = Kaunitz | first2 = Jonathan D. | authorlink2 = |doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2|pmc=7193723|pmid=31471860|access-date=|issn=0163-2116|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193723/ (Full text)]
*2020, The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations?<ref name="Hollander2020">{{Cite journal | title = The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations? | date = May 2020 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193723/|journal=Digestive diseases and sciences|volume=65|issue=5|pages=1277–1287 | last = Hollander | first = Daniel | authorlink = | last2 = Kaunitz | first2 = Jonathan D. | authorlink2 = |doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2|pmc=7193723|pmid=31471860|access-date=|issn=0163-2116|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193723/ (Full text)]
*2020, Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Anderson2020">{{Cite journal | title = Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2020-12-20|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462030292X|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry|volume=103|issue=|pages=109976 | last = Anderson | first = G. | authorlinklink=George Anderson | last2 = Maes | first2 = M. | authorlink2 = Michael Maes|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0278-5846|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462030292X (Full text)]
*2020, Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Anderson2020">{{Cite journal | title = Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2020-12-20 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462030292X|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry|volume=103|issue=|pages=109976 | last = Anderson | first = G. | authorlink = George Anderson | last2 = Maes | first2 = M. | authorlink2 = Michael Maes|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0278-5846|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462030292X (Full text)]
*2021, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications<ref name="Varesi2021">{{Cite journal | title = The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications | date = 2021-10-29|url=https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=10|issue=21 | pages = 5077 | last = Varesi | first = Angelica | last2 = Deumer | first2 = Undine-Sophie | last3 = Ananth | first3 = Sanjana | last4 = Ricevuti | first4 = Giovanni|doi=10.3390/jcm10215077|pmc=PMC8584653|pmid=34768601|issn=2077-0383}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077 (Full text)]
*2021, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications<ref name="Varesi2021">{{Cite journal | title = The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications | date = 2021-10-29 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=10|issue=21 | pages = 5077 | last = Varesi | first = Angelica | last2 = Deumer | first2 = Undine-Sophie | last3 = Ananth | first3 = Sanjana | last4 = Ricevuti | first4 = Giovanni|doi=10.3390/jcm10215077|pmc=PMC8584653|pmid=34768601|issn=2077-0383}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077 (Full text)]
*2021, Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Simonato2021">{{Cite journal | title = Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2021-11-19|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615774/|journal=Biomedicines|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1724 | last = Simonato | first = Manuela | last2 = Dall’Acqua | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Zilli | first3 = Caterina | last4 = Sut | first4 = Stefania | last5 = Tenconi | first5 = Romano | last6 = Gallo | first6 = Nicoletta | last7 = Sfriso | first7 = Paolo | last8 = Sartori | first8 = Leonardo | last9 = Cavallin | first9 = Francesco | last10 = Fiocco | first10 = Ugo | last11 = Cogo | first11 = Paola|doi=10.3390/biomedicines9111724|pmc=8615774|pmid=34829952|issn=2227-9059}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615774/ (Full text)]
*2021, Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Simonato2021">{{Cite journal | title = Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2021-11-19 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615774/|journal=Biomedicines|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1724 | last = Simonato | first = Manuela | last2 = Dall’Acqua | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Zilli | first3 = Caterina | last4 = Sut | first4 = Stefania | last5 = Tenconi | first5 = Romano | last6 = Gallo | first6 = Nicoletta | last7 = Sfriso | first7 = Paolo | last8 = Sartori | first8 = Leonardo | last9 = Cavallin | first9 = Francesco | last10 = Fiocco | first10 = Ugo | last11 = Cogo | first11 = Paola|doi=10.3390/biomedicines9111724|pmc=8615774|pmid=34829952|issn=2227-9059}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615774/ (Full text)]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 46: Line 46:
*[[Dysbiosis]]
*[[Dysbiosis]]
*[[Zonulin]]
*[[Zonulin]]
*[[Dr Markov's chronic bacterial intoxication syndrome (CBIS) theory of ME/CFS]] (Dr Markov has evidence that ME/CFS is caused by a dysbiosis in the kidneys)


==Learn more==
==Learn more==

Latest revision as of 09:36, March 31, 2023

The "leaky gut" syndrome or increased intestinal permeability or chronic increase of intestinal permeability hypothesis states that certain stressors increase intestinal mucosal paracellular permeability, which allows harmful bacteria and bacterial toxins to cross through the lining of intestines (gut) into circulation in the body, which is then proposed causes widespread inflammation and triggers a variety of diseases.[1][2] In a healthy digestive tract, the intestinal walls provide a tight, selective barrier to allow the absorption of nutrients but prevent the entry of bacteria or pathogens.[2]

The leaky gut hypothesis has been linked to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Alzheimer's disease, asthma, type 2 diabetes, numerous gastrointestinal diseases, and many others illnesses, although evidence supporting this is largely limited or lacking.[1]

Possible causes[edit | edit source]

The physiologic stressors proposed to cause intestinal permeability are anxiety, intense exercise, or components in food (such as emulsifiers), short chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and others.[1][2]

Theory[edit | edit source]

Evidence[edit | edit source]

Prevalence[edit | edit source]

Symptom recognition[edit | edit source]

Potential treatments[edit | edit source]

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

  • 2007, Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome[3] (Full text)
  • 2007, Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syn- drome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability[4] (Full text)
  • 2013, High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients[5] (Full text)
  • 2015, Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto) immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers[6] (Abstract)
  • 2015, Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)[7] (Full text)
  • 2016, The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease type 1 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome[8] (Full text)
  • 2016, A role for the intestinal microbiota and virome in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)[9] (Full text)
  • 2018, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications[10] (Full text)
  • 2018, A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)[11] (Thesis - Full text)
  • 2020, The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations?[1] (Full text)
  • 2020, Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome[12] (Full text)
  • 2021, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications[13] (Full text)
  • 2021, Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[14] (Full text)

See also[edit | edit source]

Learn more[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Hollander, Daniel; Kaunitz, Jonathan D. (May 2020). "The "Leaky Gut": Tight Junctions but Loose Associations?". Digestive diseases and sciences. 65 (5): 1277–1287. doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2. ISSN 0163-2116. PMC 7193723. PMID 31471860.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Usuda, Haruki; Okamoto, Takayuki; Wada, Koichiro (July 16, 2021). "Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (14): 7613. doi:10.3390/ijms22147613. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8305009. PMID 34299233.
  3. Maes, Michael; Coucke, Francis; Leunis, Jean-Claude (December 2007). "Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 28 (6): 739–744. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 18063928.
  4. Maes, Michael; Mihaylova, Ivana; Leunis, Jean-Claude (April 1, 2007). "Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut–intestinal permeability". Journal of Affective Disorders. 99 (1): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021. ISSN 0165-0327.
  5. Frémont, Marc; Coomans, Danny; Massart, Sebastien; De Meirleir, Kenny (August 1, 2013). "High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients". Anaerobe. 22: 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.002. ISSN 1075-9964.
  6. Maes, Michael; Bosmans, Eugene; Kubera, Marta (2015). "Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto)immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 36 (5): 439–446. ISSN 0172-780X. PMID 26707044.
  7. Shukla, Sanjay K.; Cook, Dane; Meyer, Jacob; Vernon, Suzanne D.; Le, Thao; Clevidence, Derek; Robertson, Charles E.; Schrodi, Steven J.; Yale, Steven; Frank, Daniel N. (December 18, 2015). "Changes in Gut and Plasma Microbiome following Exercise Challenge in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145453. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145453. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4684203. PMID 26683192.
  8. Morris, Gerwyn; Berk, Michael; Carvalho, André F.; Caso, Javier R.; Sanz, Yolanda; Maes, Michael (2016). "The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 22 (40): 6058–6075. doi:10.2174/1381612822666160914182822. ISSN 1873-4286. PMID 27634186.
  9. Morris, Gerwyn; Berk, Michael; Carvalho, André F.; Caso, Javier R.; Sanz, Yolanda; Maes, Michael (2016). "The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 22 (40): 6058–6075. doi:10.2174/1381612822666160914182822. ISSN 1873-4286. PMID 27634186.
  10. Varesi, Angelica; Deumer, Undine-Sophie; Ananth, Sanjana; Ricevuti, Giovanni (October 29, 2021). "The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (21): 5077. doi:10.3390/jcm10215077. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8584653. PMID 34768601.
  11. Vipond, Daniel (2018). "A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)". University of East Anglia.
  12. Anderson, G.; Maes, M. (December 20, 2020). "Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 103: 109976. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976. ISSN 0278-5846.
  13. Varesi, Angelica; Deumer, Undine-Sophie; Ananth, Sanjana; Ricevuti, Giovanni (October 29, 2021). "The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (21): 5077. doi:10.3390/jcm10215077. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8584653. PMID 34768601.
  14. Simonato, Manuela; Dall’Acqua, Stefano; Zilli, Caterina; Sut, Stefania; Tenconi, Romano; Gallo, Nicoletta; Sfriso, Paolo; Sartori, Leonardo; Cavallin, Francesco; Fiocco, Ugo; Cogo, Paola (November 19, 2021). "Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Biomedicines. 9 (11): 1724. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111724. ISSN 2227-9059. PMC 8615774. PMID 34829952.