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Intestinal permeability
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==Notable studies== * 2007, Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Maes2007a">{{Cite journal | title = Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome | date = Dec 2007 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063928/?dopt=Abstract|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=28|issue=6 | pages = 739–744 | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Coucke | first2 = Francis | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | authorlink3 = |doi=|pmc=|pmid=18063928|access-date=|issn=0172-780X|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Maes-5/publication/5784249_Normalization_of_the_increased_translocation_of_endotoxin_from_Gram_negative_enterobacteria_leaky_gut_is_accompanied_by_a_remission_of_chronic_fatigue_syndrome/links/5bbed49945851572315ed4a6/Normalization-of-the-increased-translocation-of-endotoxin-from-Gram-negative-enterobacteria-leaky-gut-is-accompanied-by-a-remission-of-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.pdf?origin=publication_detail (Full text)] *2007, Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syn- drome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability<ref name="Maes2007b">{{Cite journal | title = Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut–intestinal permeability | date = 2007-04-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706003557|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=99|issue=1 | pages = 237–240 | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Mihaylova | first2 = Ivana | authorlink2 = | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude | authorlink3 = Jean Leunis|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0165-0327|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.academia.edu/download/63389849/j.jad.2006.08.02120200521-7203-5ck8jy.pdf (Full text)] *2013, High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients<ref name="Fremont2013">{{Cite journal | title = High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals alterations of intestinal microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients | date = 2013-08-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929|journal=Anaerobe|volume=22 | pages = 50–56 | last = Frémont | first = Marc | last2 = Coomans | first2 = Danny | last3 = Massart | first3 = Sebastien | last4 = De Meirleir | first4 = Kenny | authorlink4 = Kenny De Meirleir |language=en|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.002|issn=1075-9964}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996413000929 (Full text)] *2015, Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto) immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers<ref name="Maes2015a">{{Cite journal | title = Increased expression of activation antigens on CD8+ T lymphocytes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: inverse associations with lowered CD19+ expression and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but no associations with (auto)immune, leaky gut, oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers | date = 2015 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707044/|journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters|volume=36|issue=5 | pages = 439–446 | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Bosmans | first2 = Eugene | authorlink2 = | last3 = Kubera | first3 = Marta | authorlink3 = |doi=|pmc=|pmid=26707044|access-date=|issn=0172-780X|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707044/ (Abstract)] *2015, Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Shukla2015">{{Cite journal | title = Changes in Gut and Plasma Microbiome following Exercise Challenge in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2015-12-18 | url = https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=12| pages = e0145453 | last = Shukla | first = Sanjay K. | authorlink = | last2 = Cook | first2 = Dane | authorlink2 = Dane Cook | last3 = Meyer | first3 = Jacob | authorlink3 = | last4 = Vernon | first4 = Suzanne D. | authorlink4 = Suzanne Vernon | last5 = Le | first5 = Thao | authorlink5 = | last6 = Clevidence | first6 = Derek | authorlink6 = | last7 = Robertson | first7 = Charles E. | last8 = Schrodi | first8 = Steven J. | last9 = Yale | first9 = Steven | last10 = Frank | first10 = Daniel N.|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453|pmc=PMC4684203|pmid=26683192|access-date=|issn=1932-6203|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145453 (Full text)] * 2016, The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease type 1 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Morris2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2016 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634186/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=22|issue=40 | pages = 6058–6075 | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = André F. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Caso | first4 = Javier R. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sanz | first5 = Yolanda | authorlink5 = | last6 = Maes | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = Michael Maes|doi=10.2174/1381612822666160914182822|pmc=|pmid=27634186|access-date=|issn=1873-4286|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308201841_The_Role_of_Microbiota_and_Intestinal_Permeability_in_the_Pathophysiology_of_Autoimmune_and_Neuroimmune_Processes_with_an_Emphasis_on_Inflammatory_Bowel_Disease_Type_1_Diabetes_and_Chronic_Fatigue_Syn (Full text)] *2016, A role for the intestinal microbiota and virome in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Vavaneetharaja2016">{{Cite journal | title = The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2016 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634186/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=22|issue=40 | pages = 6058–6075 | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = André F. | authorlink3 = | last4 = Caso | first4 = Javier R. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Sanz | first5 = Yolanda | authorlink5 = | last6 = Maes | first6 = Michael | authorlink6 = Michael Maes|doi=10.2174/1381612822666160914182822|pmc=|pmid=27634186|access-date=|issn=1873-4286|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.mdpi.com/142986 (Full text)] *2018, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications<ref name="microbiota2018">{{Cite journal | title = The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications | date = 2021-10-29 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=10|issue=21 | pages = 5077 | last = Varesi | first = Angelica | last2 = Deumer | first2 = Undine-Sophie | last3 = Ananth | first3 = Sanjana | last4 = Ricevuti | first4 = Giovanni|doi=10.3390/jcm10215077|pmc=PMC8584653|pmid=34768601|issn=2077-0383}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077 (Full text)] *2018, A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)<ref name="Vipond2018">{{Cite web | title = A role for a leaky gut and the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) | date = 2018 | url = https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/70522/ | last = Vipond | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Vipond|work=University of East Anglia|volume=|issue=|pages=|access-date=}}</ref> [https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/70522/1/DV_thesis_final2019.pdf (Thesis - Full text)] *2020, The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations?<ref name="Hollander2020">{{Cite journal | title = The “Leaky Gut”: Tight Junctions but Loose Associations? | date = May 2020 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193723/|journal=Digestive diseases and sciences|volume=65|issue=5|pages=1277–1287 | last = Hollander | first = Daniel | authorlink = | last2 = Kaunitz | first2 = Jonathan D. | authorlink2 = |doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2|pmc=7193723|pmid=31471860|access-date=|issn=0163-2116|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193723/ (Full text)] *2020, Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Anderson2020">{{Cite journal | title = Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2020-12-20 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462030292X|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry|volume=103|issue=|pages=109976 | last = Anderson | first = G. | authorlink = George Anderson | last2 = Maes | first2 = M. | authorlink2 = Michael Maes|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0278-5846|quote=|via=}}</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462030292X (Full text)] *2021, The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications<ref name="Varesi2021">{{Cite journal | title = The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications | date = 2021-10-29 | url = https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=10|issue=21 | pages = 5077 | last = Varesi | first = Angelica | last2 = Deumer | first2 = Undine-Sophie | last3 = Ananth | first3 = Sanjana | last4 = Ricevuti | first4 = Giovanni|doi=10.3390/jcm10215077|pmc=PMC8584653|pmid=34768601|issn=2077-0383}}</ref> [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215077 (Full text)] *2021, Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref name="Simonato2021">{{Cite journal | title = Tryptophan Metabolites, Cytokines, and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2021-11-19 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615774/|journal=Biomedicines|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1724 | last = Simonato | first = Manuela | last2 = Dall’Acqua | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Zilli | first3 = Caterina | last4 = Sut | first4 = Stefania | last5 = Tenconi | first5 = Romano | last6 = Gallo | first6 = Nicoletta | last7 = Sfriso | first7 = Paolo | last8 = Sartori | first8 = Leonardo | last9 = Cavallin | first9 = Francesco | last10 = Fiocco | first10 = Ugo | last11 = Cogo | first11 = Paola|doi=10.3390/biomedicines9111724|pmc=8615774|pmid=34829952|issn=2227-9059}}</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615774/ (Full text)]
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