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History of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome
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==Chronic fatigue syndrome (1980s and 1990s) == The illness gained national attention in the United States when the popular magazine ''Hippocrates'' ran a cover story of an [[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak|epidemic at Lake Tahoe, Nevada]], in the mid-1980s.<ref name="Osler'sWeb">{{cite book | title = Osler's Web: inside the labyrinth of the chronic fatigue syndrome epidemic | last = Johnson | first =Hillary| publisher = Penguin Books | date = 1996 | isbn=0-595-34874-2|location=New York | pages = 24|editor-link=|chapter=|quote=|editor-last2 = |editor-link2 = | authorlink = Hillary Johnson}}</ref> The designation Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus was in use in the U.S.,<ref name="Jones1985">{{Cite journal | last = Jones | first = J.F. | authorlink = | last2 = Ray | first2 = C.G. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Minnich | first3 = L.L. | author-link3 = | last4 = Hicks | first4 = M.J. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Kibler | first5 = R. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Lucas | first6 =D.O. | date = Jan 1985 | title = Evidence for active Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with persistent, unexplained illnesses: elevated anti-early antigen antibodies | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2578266|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=102|issue=1|pages=1β7|issn=0003-4819|pmid=2578266|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Strauss1985">{{Cite journal | last = Straus | first = Stephen E. | authorlink = Stephen Straus | date = 1985-01-01 | title = Persisting Illness and Fatigue in Adults with Evidence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection | url = http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/699347/persisting-illness-fatigue-adults-evidence-epstein-barr-virus-infection?doi=10.7326%2f0003-4819-102-1-7|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=102|issue=1 | pages = 7|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-102-1-7|issn=0003-4819|quote=|via=}}</ref> but the magazine used the term "[[Raggedy Ann Syndrome]]" to note the fatigue and loss of muscle power patients felt.<ref name="Hippocrates">{{Cite journal | last = Day | first = W | date = July-August 1987 | title = Raggedy Ann syndrome|journal=Hippocrates|at=cover | url = |quote=|via=}}</ref> Researchers investigating the Lake Tahoe cluster did not find evidence that EBV was involved, and they proposed the name ''[[chronic fatigue syndrome]]'', describing fatigue as the main symptom of the illness.<ref name="Holmes1988" /><ref name="isbn0801879426">{{cite book | title = Emerging Illnesses and Society|editor-last = Packard|editor-first = RM|editor-last2 = Brown|editor-first2 = PJ|editor-last3 = Frumkin |editor-first3 = H| publisher = Johns Hopkins Press | date = 2004|isbn=0-8018-7942-6|pages=156 | last = Barett | first = Deborah|chapter=Illness Movements and the Medical Classification of Pain and Fatigue|location=London and New York|quote=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGNFPZrKIKMC&pg=PA156#v=onepage&f=false}}</ref> They published the first working case definition for CFS in 1988.<ref name="Holmes1988">{{Cite journal | last = Holmes | first = Gary P. | authorlink = Gary Holmes | last2 = Kaplan | first2 = Jonathan E. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Gantz | first3 = Nelson M. | authorlink3 = Nelson Gantz | last4 = Komaroff | first4 = Anthony L. | authorlink4 = Anthony Komaroff | last5 = Schonberger | first5 = Lawrence B. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Straus | first6 = Stephen E. | authorlink6 = Stephen Straus | last7 = Jones | first7 = James F. | last8 = Dubois | first8 = Richard E. | last9 = Cunningham-Rundles | first9 = Charlotte | last10 = Pahwa | first10 = Savita | last11 = Tosato | first11 = Giovanna | last12 = Zegans | first12 = Leonard S. | last13 = Purtilo | first13 = David T. | last14 = Brown | first14 = Nathaniel | last15 = Schooley | first15 = Robert | last16 = Brus | first16 = Irena | date = 1988-03-01 | title = Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Working Case Definition | url = http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/701163/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-working-case-definition?doi=10.7326%2f0003-4819-108-3-387|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=108|issue=3 | pages = 387|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-387|issn=0003-4819|quote=|via=}}</ref> Research increased considerably, and more so after the criteria were relaxed in 1994.<ref name="Fukuda1994">{{Cite journal | last = Fukuda | first = Keiji | authorlink = Keiji Fukuda | last2 = Straus | first2 = Stephen E. | authorlink2 = Stephen Straus | last3 = Hickie | first3 = Ian | authorlink3 = | last4 = Sharpe | first4 = Michael C. | authorlink4 = Michael Sharpe | last5 = Dobbins | first5 = James G. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Komaroff | first6 = Anthony | authorlink6 = Anthony Komaroff | last7 = International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group | date = 1994-12-15 | title = The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Approach to Its Definition and Study | url = http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/708271/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-comprehensive-approach-its-definition-study?doi=10.7326%2f0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=121|issue=12 | pages = 953|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009|issn=0003-4819|quote=|via=}}</ref> In 1990, researchers presented evidence they found [[DNA]] sequences very similar to the human [[human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV-II retrovirus]] in some CFS patients, at a conference in Kyoto, [[Japan]].<ref name="DOI 10.1126">{{Cite journal | last = Palca | first = J | date = September 14, 1990 | title = Does a retrovirus explain fatigue syndrome puzzle? | url = http://science.sciencemag.org/content/249/4974/1240.1|journal=Science|volume=249|issue=4974|pages=1240β12|bibcode=|doi=10.1126/science.2399461|pmid=2399461|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C0CE3DD1430F936A3575AC0A966958260 | title = Virus found that may be linked to a debilitating fatigue ailment | last = Altman | first = Lawrence K. | date = Sep 5, 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=Feb 24, 2009}}</ref> Their study was later published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.<ref name="pmid 1672770">{{cite journal | last = DeFreitas | last2 = Hilliard | last3 = Cheney | last4 = Bell | first4 = DS | last5 = Kiggundu | first5 = E | last6 = Sankey | first6 = D | last7 = Wroblewska | first7 = Z | last8 = Palladino | first8 = M | last9 = Woodward | first9 = JP | date = April 1991 | title = Retroviral sequences related to human T-lymphotropic virus type II in patients with chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC51352/|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=88|issue=7 | pages = 2922β6|doi=10.1073/pnas.88.7.2922|pmc=51352|pmid=1672770 | first = E|quote= | authorlink3 = Paul Cheney | authorlink4 = David Bell | first2 = B | first3 = PR}}</ref> A reporter on Prime Time Live stated the announcement made headlines all over the world.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AW0x9_Q8qbo | title = CFS and the CDC's Failure to Respond: Primetime Live (1996) | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 1996 | website=YouTube|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref> The CDC first ignored their findings then later conducted a study and published a paper that refuted the hypothesis.<ref name="Retroviral">{{cite journal | date = March 1993 | title = Inability of retroviral tests to identify persons with chronic fatigue syndrome, 1992 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00019881.htm|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report| publisher = U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|volume=42|issue=10|pages=183, 189β90|pmid=8446093|access-date=February 23, 2009 | last = | first = |quote=|via=}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], the Chief Medical Officer Kenneth Calman requested a report from the medical Royal Colleges in 1996. This led to the publication of a joint report in which the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" was found to be most representative.<ref>{{cite book | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: Report of a joint working group of the Royal Colleges of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners| publisher = Royal College of Physicians of London | date = 1996 | isbn=1-86016-046-8|location=London, UK|pages=|chapter=|quote= | last = ((Royal Colleges of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners)) | first = }}</ref> This was followed in 2002 by a further report by the new CMO, Liam Donaldson.<ref name="CMOrept2002">{{cite web | url = https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4064840 | title = A report of the CFS/ME working group: report to the chief medical officer of an independent working group. | last = ((CFS/ME Working Group)) | date = 2002| publisher = Department of Health|location=London}}</ref> The U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control & Prevention]] (CDC) recognized CFS as a serious illness, and launched a campaign in June 2006 to raise public and medical awareness about it.<ref name="CDCBasic">{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/cfs/cfsbasicfacts.htm | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome basic facts | date = May 9, 2006| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=Feb 7, 2008 | last = | first = |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref><ref name="CDC-awareness">{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/a061101.htm | title = Address at CFS awareness campaign launch | last = | date = Jun 7, 2008 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | first = |archive-url=|access-date=2022-03-19|url-status=}}</ref>
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