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'''Herpesviruses''' are a family of [[DNA]] [[virus]]es, with the eight herpesviruses having very high prevalence rates in humans being known as human herpesviruses.<ref name=":0" /> Once someone is infected with a herpesvirus, the infection is life-long; many herpesviruses have treatments that can suppress any symptoms but there is no cure.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Antiviral strategies targeting herpesviruses | date = 2021-09-01 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8187247|journal=Journal of Virus Eradication|volume=7|issue=3|pages=100047 | last = Dong | first = Haisi | authorlink = | last2 = Wang | first2 = Zeyu | authorlink2 = | last3 = Zhao | first3 = Daqing | authorlink3 = | last4 = Leng | first4 = Xiangyang | authorlink4 = | last5 = Zhao | first5 = Yicheng | authorlink5 = | last8 = | first8 = |language=en|doi=10.1016/j.jve.2021.100047|pmc=PMC8187247|pmid=34141443|access-date=|issn=2055-6640|quote=|via=}}</ref> While generally, immunocompetent hosts are able to keep the virus in a latent state and remain asymptomatic, human herpesviruses can cause symptoms if they reactivate. They can also increase the risk of [[autoimmune disease]] and [[cancer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = White | first = Douglas W. | last2 = Beard | first2 = R. Suzanne | last3 = Barton | first3 = Erik S. | date = Jan 2012 | title = Immune Modulation During Latent Herpesvirus Infection | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243940/|journal=Immunological reviews|volume=245|issue=1|pages=189–208|doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01074.x|issn=0105-2896|pmc=3243940|pmid=22168421|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/infectious-agents/infections-that-can-lead-to-cancer/viruses.html | title = Viruses that can lead to cancer | website = cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref> ==Types== Viruses in the herpesvirus family that can infect humans include: ===Alphaherpesviruses=== * latent [[Herpes simplex virus#HSV-1]] (HSV-1 or HHV1) * [[Herpes simplex virus#HSV-2]] (HSV-2 or HHV2) * [[Varicella zoster virus]] (VZV or HHV3), which causes [[chickenpox]] and may reactivate to cause [[shingles]] ===Betaherpesviruses=== * [[Human herpesvirus 6]] viruses including (HHV-6a and HHV-6b) * [[Human herpesvirus 7]] (HHV7) * human [[cytomegalovirus]] (CMV, HCMB or HHV-5) * [[Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]] (KSHV or HHV8) ===Gammaherpesviruses=== *[[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV or HHV4), which causes [[mononucleosis]].<ref name="NBK8157"/><ref name="NBK47406">{{Cite book|title=Overview of classification|date=2007|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47406/|last=Davison|first=Andrew J.|isbn=978-0-521-82714-0|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=1 Overview of classification |editor-last=Arvin|editor-first=Ann|editor2-last=Campadelli-Fiume|editor2-first=Gabriella|editor3-last=Mocarski|editor3-first=Edward|editor4-last=Moore|editor4-first=Patrick S.|editor5-last=Roizman|editor5-first=Bernard|editor6-last=Whitley|editor6-first=Richard|editor7-last=Yamanishi|editor7-first=Koichi|pmid=21348096}}</ref> More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one herpesvirus. {{See also|Epstein-Barr virus, Human herpesvirus 6, Human herpesvirus 7}} ==Latency== After the initial infection, herpesvirus usually remain latent for life (they are not curable), and may be reactivated later.<ref name="DeBolleHHV6" /> ==Reactivation== [[File:Herpesvirus reactivation triggers.jpeg|alt=Classical triggers for herpesvirus reactivation: Fever, Microbial co-inrfection, UV-light, Stress, Tissue injury, Hyperthermia, Hormonal imbalance, Allogeneic stimulation, Cytokines, Cell differentiation, Toxic stimuli Novel triggers for reactivation: Nanoparticles, Respirable fibres, Helminth co-infection, ? The classic and novel triggers may have common or different pathways.|thumb|Triggers of Herpesvirus Reactivation. Source: [[pmc:6330347|Stoeger and Adler (2019). ''Front. Microbiol''. 9:3207]].<ref name="Stoeger2019"/>]] Reactivation of herpesviruses do not ''usually'' cause disease,<ref name="Stoeger2019"/> although some may cause disease,<ref name="NBK8157"/> for example: * reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus may cause shingles (varicella zoster), typically in adults, with the virus typically being caught in childhood and resulting in chickenpox before becoming latent, and * CMV pneumonia may be caused by CMV reactivation, which is most likely in immunosuppressed people, especially bone marrow transplant recipients and people with [[HIV]].<ref name="NBK8157">{{Cite boom|title=Herpesviruses|date=1996|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8157/|last=Whitley|first=Richard J.|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|location=Galveston (TX)|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|editor-last=Baron|editor-first=Samuel|pmid=21413307|chapter=68 Herpesviruses}}</ref> * [[Herpes simplex virus#HSV-1|HSV-1]] has been implicated in [[Alzheimer's]], although this does not mean it is the only cause.<ref name="alzHSV1" /> Several of the herpesviruses have transactivating potential, that is, they can cause the increased rate of gene expression of other viruses.<ref name="DeBolleHHV6" /> ==Chronic fatigue syndrome== It is unclear whether herpesviruses associated with [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] play an etiological role or are "bystanders" – opportunistic reactivations under a state of immune dysregulation. In the [[1984 Incline Village chronic fatigue syndrome outbreak]], [[Gary Holmes]] found that patients with what his team hypothesized was [[chronic Epstein-Barr virus|chronic Epstein-Barr]] had elevated antibody titers to [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[herpes simplex]] and [[measles]] viruses than age-matched controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/365861 | title = A Cluster of Patients With a Chronic Mononucleosis-like Syndrome Is Epstein-Barr Virus the Cause? | last = Homes | first = Gary P | date = May 1, 1987 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=257 | pages = 2297-2302 |via=}}</ref> However, the study cohort was defined as patients who had experienced excessive fatigue between January 1 and September 15. A prospective study of 250 primary care patients revealed a higher prevalence of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] after infectious [[mononucleosis]] (glandular fever) when compared to an ordinary upper respiratory tract infection.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = White | first = P.D. | last2 = Thomas | first2 = J.M. | last3 = Amess | first3 = J. | last4 = Crawford | first4 =D.H. | last5 = Grover | first5 = S.A. | last6 = Kangro | first6 = H.O. | last7 = Clare | first7 = A.W. | date = Dec 1998 | title = Incidence, risk and prognosis of acute and chronic fatigue syndromes and psychiatric disorders after glandular fever |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9926075|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=173 | pages = 475–481|issn=0007-1250|pmid=9926075}}</ref> Anti-early antigen titers to Epstein-Barr virus were elevated in CFS patients and associated with worse symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Schmaling | first = K.B. | last2 = Jones | first2 = J.F. | date = Jan 1996 | title = MMPI profiles of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8730646|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=40|issue=1 | pages = 67–74|issn=0022-3999|pmid=8730646}}</ref> ==Notable studies related to Herpesviruses and ME/CFS== * 2019, "Novel" Triggers of Herpesvirus Reactivation and Their Potential Health Relevance<ref name="Stoeger2019">{{Cite journal|title=“Novel” Triggers of Herpesvirus Reactivation and Their Potential Health Relevance|date=2019|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03207|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=9|last=Stoeger|first=Tobias|last2=Adler|first2=Heiko|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.03207|pmc=PMC6330347|pmid=30666238|issn=1664-302X}}</ref> - [[pmc:6330347|(Full text)]] ::opinion article * 2016, [http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/6/1/2/htm Herpesviruses dUTPases: A New Family of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Proteins with Implications for Human Disease] <blockquote>"In this review, we provide evidence from animal and human studies of the [[Epstein-Barr virus]] as a prototype, supporting the notion that herpesviruses dUTPases are a family of proteins with unique immunoregulatory functions that can alter the inflammatory microenvironment and thus exacerbate the immune pathology of herpesvirus-related diseases including [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[autoimmune disease]]s, and cancer...[we] approached the possibility that two or more herpesviruses may act synergistically and that virus-encoded proteins, rather than the viruses themselves, may act as drivers of or contribute to the pathophysiological alterations observed in a subset of patients with [[ME/CFS]]."<ref name="Williams, 2016" /></blockquote> * [[List of herpesvirus infection studies]] ==See also== *[[Human herpesvirus 6]] *[[List of herpesvirus infection studies]] *[[Valaciclovir]] *[[Abortive infection theory of ME/CFS]] (Dr Lerner's theory that abortive herpesviruses cause ME/CFS) ==Learn more== *2018, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/health/alzheimers-virus-herpes.html A Common Virus May Play Role in Alzheimer’s Disease, Study Finds] by Pam Belluck via NY Times *2018, [http://simmaronresearch.com/2018/11/crippled-herpesviruses-contributing-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-diseases/ Could Crippled Herpesviruses Be Contributing to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Other Diseases?] by [[Cort Johnson]] for [[Simmaron Research]] ==References== <references> <ref name="alzHSV1">[http://time.com/4254778/medical-experts-herpes-alzheimers-link/ Experts Say There’s a Herpes-Alzheimer’s Link], Time, March 10, 2016</ref> <ref name="DeBolleHHV6">{{citation | last1 = De Bolle | first1 = Leen | authorlink1 = | last2 =Naesens | first2 = Lieve| authorlink2 = | title = Update on Human Herpesvirus 6 Biology, Clinical Features, and Therapy | journal = Clin Microbiol Rev | date = Jan 2005 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 217-245 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.18.1.217-245.200 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544175/ }}</ref> <ref name="Williams, 2016">{{citation | last1 = Williams | first1 = Marshall V. | authorlink1 = | last2 =Cox | first2 = Brandon | authorlink2 = | last3 = Ariza | first3 = Maria Eugenia| authorlink3 = | title = Herpesviruses dUTPases: A New Family of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Proteins with Implications for Human Disease | journal = Pathogens | date = 2017 | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 2 | doi = 10.3390/pathogens6010002 | url = http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/6/1/2/htm }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Infectious agents]] [[Category:Triggers and risk factors]] [[Category:Virology]] [[Category:Viruses]]
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