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Herpes simplex virus
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==Hypothesized role in ME/CFS== In a 1993 paper in ''Medical Hypotheses (journal)'', P. A. Bond hypothesized that HSV-1 could cause the symptoms of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS) in a two-stage process Bond analogized to the relationship of [[HIV/AIDS|HIV to AIDS]]: as (untreated) HIV weakens the immune system and makes the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers, which then are recognized as the symptoms of AIDS, Bond suggests a variety of conditions could produce immune dysfunction and consequent vulnerability to HSV-1 (either primary infection or reactivation), which in turn could be the cause of a range of CFS symptoms.<ref name="Bond1993">{{Cite journal | last = Bond | first = P.A. | authorlink = | date = May 1993 | title = A role for herpes simplex virus in the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8394501|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=40|issue=5 | pages = 301–308|issn=0306-9877|pmid=8394501|quote=|via=}}</ref> In 2006, Bond did a study of 27 CFS patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]], and found that antibodies to both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were more common in CFS patients that controls,<ref name="Bond2006">{{Cite journal | title = Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Types 1 and 2 in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | date = 2006-01-01 | url = https://doi.org/10.1300/J092v13n01_04|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=13|issue=1 | pages = 35–40 | last = Bond | first = P.A. | last2 = Dinan | first2 = T. G. |doi=10.1300/J092v13n01_04|issn=1057-3321}}</ref> however a larger study by Blomberg et al. (2019) found levels of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in ME/CFS and fibromyalgia patients were similar to or slightly lower than those of healthy blood donors.<ref name="Blomgberg2019">{{Cite journal | title = Antibodies to Human Herpesviruses in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients | date = 2019 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01946|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|issue=|pages=1946 | last = Blomberg | first = Jonas | authorlink = Jonas Blomberg | last2 = Rizwan | first2 = Muhammad | authorlink2 = Muhammad Rizwan | last3 = Böhlin-Wiener | first3 = Agnes | authorlink3 = | last4 = Elfaitouri | first4 = Amal | authorlink4 = | last5 = Julin | first5 = Per | authorlink5 = | last6 = Zachrisson | first6 = Olof | authorlink6 = Olof Zachrisson | last7 = Rosén | first7 = Anders | last8 = Gottfries | first8 = Carl-Gerhard | authorlink8 = Carl-Gerhard Gottfries|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01946|pmc=PMC6702656|pmid=31475007|access-date=|issn=1664-3224|quote=|via= }}</ref> The ME/CFS patients were those that met the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]].<ref name="Blomgberg2019" /> In 2018, [[Hector Bonilla]], MD and Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine in Infectious Diseases at [[Stanford University]], received a [[Ramsay Award Program|Ramsay Award Grant]] from the [[Solve ME/CFS Initiative]] for a "Cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of [[Apolipoprotein E|APOE]] e4 alleles in patients with ME/CFS and the association with herpes virus infection".<ref name="Solve2019">{{Cite web | url=https://solvecfs.org/hector-bonilla/ | title = Hector Bonilla|website=Solve ME/CFS Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> The project follows on preliminary findings that HSV-1 infection in the sera of individuals with ME/CFS is related to severity of the disease.<ref name="Solve2019" /> Pridgen suggests that an approach related to IMC-1 also merits investigation as an ME/CFS treatment.<ref name="IMC-2019" />
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