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Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
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===Studies linking viruses to Hashimoto's and ME/CFS=== Studies suggesting a viral trigger for Hashimoto's thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) that are also viruses commonly associated with ME/CFS. {| class="wikitable" |'''Epstein-Barr virus serology in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis''' J Vrbikova, I Janatkova, V Zamrazil, F Tomiska, T Fucikova<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Vrbikova | first = J. | last2 = Janatkova | first2 = I. | last3 = Zamrazil | first3 = V. | last4 = Tomiska | first4 = F. | last5 = Fucikova | first5 = T. | date = 1996 | title = Epstein-Barr virus serology in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750577/|journal=Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes: Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association|volume=104|issue=1 | pages = 89–92|doi=10.1055/s-0029-1211428|issn=0947-7349|pmid=8750577}}</ref> |1996 |Endocrinology study shows significantly higher presence of active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in those with autoimmune thyroiditis compared to healthy controls. 7 of 22 (32%) patients were positive for EBV early antigen (EA-D) antibodies, versus 2 of 35 (6%) controls. |- |'''Virologic and Immunologic Evidence Supporting an Association between HHV-6 and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis''' Elisabetta Caselli, Maria Chiara Zatelli, Roberta Rizzo, Sabrina Benedetti, Debora Martorelli, Giorgio Trasforini, Enzo Cassai, Ettore C. degli Uberti, Dario Di Luca, Riccardo Dolcetti<ref name="Caselli2012">{{Cite journal | last = Caselli | first = Elisabetta | last2 = Zatelli | first2 = Maria Chiara | last3 = Rizzo | first3 = Roberta | last4 = Benedetti | first4 = Sabrina | last5 = Martorelli | first5 = Debora | last6 = Trasforini | first6 = Giorgio | last7 = Cassai | first7 = Enzo | last8 = degli Uberti | first8 = Ettore C. | last9 = Di Luca | first9 = Dario | date = 2012-10-04 | title = Virologic and Immunologic Evidence Supporting an Association between HHV-6 and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464215/|journal=PLoS Pathogens|volume=8|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002951|issn=1553-7366|pmc=3464215|pmid=23055929}}</ref> |2012 |Study using fine needle aspirates (FNA) thyroid biopsies found HHV-6 DNA in 28 of 34 (82%) Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients and 3 of 28 (10%) controls. |- |'''Inflammation and Increased Myxovirus Resistance Protein A Expression in Thyroid Tissue in the Early Stages of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis''' Sara Salehi Hammerstad, Frode Lars Jahnsen, Sisko Tauriainen, Heikki Hyöty, Trond Paulsen, Ingrid Norheim, and Knut Dahl-Jørgensen<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hammerstad | first = Sara Salehi | last2 = Jahnsen | first2 = Frode Lars | last3 = Tauriainen | first3 = Sisko | last4 = Hyöty | first4 = Heikki | last5 = Paulsen | first5 = Trond | last6 = Norheim | first6 = Ingrid | last7 = Dahl-Jørgensen | first7 = Knut | date = Mar 2013 | title = Inflammation and Increased Myxovirus Resistance Protein A Expression in Thyroid Tissue in the Early Stages of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis| url = https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/thy.2012.0264|journal=Thyroid|volume=23|issue=3 | pages = 334–341|doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0264|issn=1050-7256}}</ref> |2013 |Study found Enterovirus RNA in 11% of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients, versus 0% of controls. |- |'''The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases''' Andrea Janegova, Pavol Janega, Boris Rychly, Kristina Kuracinova, Pavel Babal<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Janegova | first = Andrea | last2 = Janega | first2 = Pavol | last3 = Rychly | first3 = Boris | last4 = Kuracinova | first4 = Kristina | last5 = Babal | first5 = Pavel | date = 2015 | title=The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25931043/|journal=Endokrynologia Polska|volume=66|issue=2 | pages = 132–136|doi=10.5603/EP.2015.0020|issn=2299-8306|pmid=25931043}}</ref> |2015 |Graves' and Hashimoto's disease specimens were used in this study, finding a high prevalence of EBV infection. ''"We assume that high prevalence of EBV infection in cases of Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases imply a potential aetiological role of EBV in autoimmune thyroiditis"'' |- |'''Association of active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection with autoimmune thyroid gland diseases''' A Sultanova, M Cistjakovs, S Gravelsina, S Chapenko, S Roga, E Cunskis, [[Zaiga Nora-Krukle|Z Nora-Krukle]], V Groma, I Ventina, [[Modra Murovska|M Murovska]]<ref name="Sultanova">{{Cite journal | last = Sultanova | first = A. | last2 = Cistjakovs | first2 = M. | last3 = Gravelsina | first3 = S. | last4 = Chapenko | first4 = S. | last5 = Roga | first5 = S. | last6 = Cunskis | first6 = E. | last7 = Nora-Krukle | first7 = Z. | authorlink7 = Zaiga Nora-Krukle | last8 = Groma | first8 = V. | last9 = Ventina | first9 = I. | last10 = Murovska | first10 = M. | authorlink10=Modra Murovska | date = Jan 2017 | title = Association of active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection with autoimmune thyroid gland diseases| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27693656/|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases|volume=23|issue=1 | pages = 50.e1–50.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.023|issn=1469-0691|pmid=27693656}}</ref> |2017 |A study comparing the involvement of HHV-6 infection between autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) patients and healthy controls. Thyroid gland biopsies confirmed active persistent HHV-6 infection in 18 of 44 (41%) AIT patients and 1 of 17 (6%) healthy controls. |- |'''Human herpesvirus 6A active infection in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis''' Noorossadat Seyyedi, Gholamreza Rafiei Dehbidi, Mozhgan Karimi, Amir Asgari, Babak Esmaeili, Farahnaz Zare, Ali Farhadi, Mohammad Hossein Dabbaghmanesh, Forough Saki, Abbas Behzad-Behbahani<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Seyyedi | first = Noorossadat | last2 = Dehbidi | first2 = Gholamreza Rafiei | last3 = Karimi | first3 = Mozhgan | last4 = Asgari | first4 = Amir | last5 = Esmaeili | first5 = Babak | last6 = Zare | first6 = Farahnaz | last7 = Farhadi | first7 = Ali | last8 = Dabbaghmanesh | first8 = Mohammad Hossein | last9 = Saki | first9 = Forough | date = Nov 2019 | title = Human herpesvirus 6A active infection in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31751524/|journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases|volume=23|issue=6 | pages = 435–440|doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2019.10.004|issn=1678-4391|pmid=31751524}}</ref> |2019 |In this study, 38% of patients with Hashimoto’s disease had active HHV-6A infections. |- |'''Study of Epstein–Barr virus serological profile in Egyptian patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A case-control study''' Samir Naeim Assaad, Marwa Ahmed Meheissen, Eman Tayae Elsayed, Saher N. Alnakhal, Tarek M. Salema<ref name="Assaad">{{Cite journal | last = Assaad | first = Samir Naeim | last2 = Meheissen | first2 = Marwa Ahmed | last3 = Elsayed | first3 = Eman Tayae | last4 = Alnakhal | first4 = Saher N. | last5 = Salem | first5 = Tarek M. | date = 2020-03-12 | title = Study of Epstein–Barr virus serological profile in Egyptian patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A case-control study| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090364/|journal=Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology|volume=20|doi=10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100222|issn=2214-6237|pmc=7090364|pmid=32215255}}</ref> |2020 |This study included 60 Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients and 60 healthy controls. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Early Antigen (EA) was positive in 20 of 60 (33%) HT patients and 4 of 60 (7%) healthy controls, indicating a higher prevalence of active EBV in Hashimoto patients. |- |'''HHV-6 Infection and Chemokine RANTES Signaling Pathway Disturbance in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis''' Alina Sultanova, Maksims Cistjakovs, Liba Sokolovska, Katerina Todorova, Egils Cunskis, Modra Murovska<ref name="Sultanova2020">{{Cite journal | last = Sultanova | first = Alina | last2 = Cistjakovs | first2 = Maksims | last3 = Sokolovska | first3 = Liba | last4 = Todorova | first4 = Katerina | last5 = Cunskis | first5 = Egils | last6 = Murovska | first6 = Modra | date = Jun 26, 2020 | title = HHV-6 Infection and Chemokine RANTES Signaling Pathway Disturbance in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32604892/|journal=Viruses|volume=12|issue=6|doi=10.3390/v12060689|issn=1999-4915|pmc=7354462|pmid=32604892}}</ref> |2020 |Markers of active HHV-6 infection were predominantly found in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). 56% of AIT patients (vs. 6% controls) were found to have active HHV-6 infection in thyroid gland tissue. |}
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