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Gulf War Illness
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== Cause of illness == Causation include [[Vaccine|vaccination]]s; oil well fires; chemical and biological weapons; depleted uranium; noise; CARC [https://www.hillandponton.com/toxic-exposure/ paint used on military vehicles]; occupational hazards; [[Mestinon|pyridostigmine bromide]]; [[pesticide]]s or other [[organophosphate]]s; sand, dust, and particulates; toxic embedded fragments; infectious diseases; heat injuries; fuel; decontamination solutions; and the fluoroquinolone antibiotic [[ciprofloxacin]].<ref name="MilitaryTimes2013">{{Cite web | url=https://www.militarytimes.com/2013/11/01/new-fda-warnings-on-cipro-may-tie-into-gulf-war-illness/ | title = New FDA warnings on Cipro may tie into Gulf War illness | date = 2017-08-08 | website = Military Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref><ref name="VA-GWI" /><ref name="Hogg2017">{{Cite web | url=http://www.ei-resource.org/illness-information/environmental-illnesses/gulf-war-syndrome/ | title = Gulf War Syndrome - Overview, Symptoms & Possible Causes | last = Hogg | first = Matthew | date = Jun 8, 2017 | website = EI Resource|language=en-gb|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref><ref name="NS2018" /> === Toxins === The conclusions and recommendations of the ''Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Research Update and Recommendations, 2009-2013'' report<ref name="RACReport2014">{{Cite web | url=https://www.va.gov/RAC-GWVI/RACReport2014Final.pdf | title=Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Research Update and Recommendations, 2009-2013: Updated Scientific Findings and Recommendations | last = ((Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses)) | first = | date = May 2014|location=Washington,D.C.| publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | page = 60|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> conclude "exposure to pesticides and pyridostigmine bromide are causally associated with Gulf War illness" as well as other hazardous exposures including gas agents sarin/cyclosarin. "Mixed exposures include not only mixtures of chemicals but also chemicals combined with heat, dehydration, infection and other environmental stressors."<ref name="RACReport2014" /> A May 2022 study by Robert W Haley et al.<ref name="Haley2022" /> - "have concluded that "exposure to [[sarin]] gas that occurred after coalition airplanes blew up chemical storage tanks" was the cause of Gulf War Illness.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2022/05/21/gulf-war-illness-breakthrough-chronic-fatigue-fibromyalgia-long-covid/ | title = The Gulf War Illness Breakthrough and why it Matters to ME/CFS/FM and long COVID | last = Johnson | first =Cort | date = 2022-05-21 | website = Health Rising|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-09}}</ref> === Vaccinations === Mass vaccinations "against infectious diseases including medical counter-measures against biological weapons" were given prior to military deployment.<ref name="Peakman, 2006">{{Citation | last1 = Peakman | first1 = Mark | authorlink = | last2 = Skowera | first2 = Ania| authorlink2= | last3 = Hotopf | first3 = Matthew | authorlink3 = Matthew Hotopf | title = Immunological dysfunction, vaccination and Gulf War illness|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1468 | page = 681–687 | date = 2006 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1826}}</ref> Vaccination in the presence of elevated [[cortisol]] levels can drive [[cytokine]] expression toward [[Th2]] dominance.<ref name="Bernton1995">{{Cite journal | last = Bernton | first = E. | last2 = Hoover | first2 =D. | last3 = Galloway | first3 = R. | last4 = Popp | first4 = K. | date = 1995-12-29 | title = Adaptation to chronic stress in military trainees. Adrenal androgens, testosterone, glucocorticoids, IGF-1, and immune function | url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8597461|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=774 | pages = 217–231|issn=0077-8923|pmid=8597461}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ramírez | first = F. | last2 = Fowell | first2 =D.J. | last3 = Puklavec | first3 = M. | last4 = Simmonds | first4 = S. | last5 = Mason | first5 =D. | date = 1996-04-01 | title = Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8786298|journal=Journal of Immunology|volume=156|issue=7 | pages = 2406–2412|issn=0022-1767|pmid=8786298}}</ref>
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