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The '''GAPS diet''' or '''Gut and Psychology Syndrome diet''' is the core part of the '''GAPS Nutritional Approach''', an alternative medicine approach that aims to reduce symptoms in mental/psychology illnesses such as [[depression]], ADHD and schizophrenia, neurological and developmental conditions including [[autism]], and some neurological disorders including [[dyslexia]] and [[dyspraxia]], and some immune or autoimmune illnesses such as [[allergy|allergies]] and [[eczema]].<ref name="intro">{{Cite web | url = https://www.gapsdiet.com/introduction-diet/ | title = Introduction Diet|website=GAPS Diet|language=en|access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref> The GAPS diet is a considered to be a variant of the [[Specific Carbohydrate Diet]] (SCD), but in addition to excluding certain foods it adds in additional foods proposed to have gut healing properties.<ref name="Gentile2018">{{Cite journal | title = The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health | date = 2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426221046id_/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/362/6416/776.full.pdf | archive-date=2019-04-26| url = https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/362/6416/776.full.pdf | url-access=subscription|journal=Science|volume=362|issue=6416 | pages = 776–780 | last = Gentile | first = Christopher L. | author-link = | last2 = Weir | first2 = Tiffany L.|language=en|doi=10.1126/science.aau5812|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0036-8075|quote=|via=}}</ref> It aims to reduce [[inflammation]] quickly and reduce [[gut dysbiosis]] (leaky gut), by using specific foods and supplements to repair the intestinal wall, and using lifestyle changes.<ref name="what-is">{{Cite web | url = https://www.faim.org/gut-and-psychology-syndrome-gap-syndrome-or-gaps |website=Foundation for Alternative and Integrative Medicine | title = Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAP Syndrome or GAPS) | first = Natasha | last = Campbell-McBride}}</ref> The GAPS diet is a very high fat diet that avoids [[dairy-free diet|dairy]] products and is a [[gluten-free diet]].<ref name="intro" /><ref name="what-is" /> ==Theory == The GAPS diet was invented by Natasha Campbell-McBride, a former neurologist and neurosurgeon who trained and practiced in [[Russia]]. The GAPS diet was published by Campbell-McBride in her 2004 book, and has not been peer-reviewed.<ref name="book">{{Cite book | last = Campbell-McBride | first = N | date = 2018 | title = Gut and Psychology Syndrome: natural treatment for autism, dyspraxia, ADD, dyslexia, ADHD, depression, schizophrenia|edition=2| publisher = Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=1603588949| url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3Hx_DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|trans-title=|location=|volume=| pages=|quote=}}</ref> The theory behind the GAPS diet is: * The gut is the underlying cause of neurological and psychological illnesses * Gut dysbiosis, which Campbell-McBride refers to as ''abnormal gut flora,'' is present in neurological and psychological illnesses * Treating the gut including gut dysbiosis is the first and most important stage in treating all these conditions * Casein proteins (from dairy) and gluten proteins (from cereals) are hypothesized to not be digested properly in the body and to transform to "substances with a similar chemical structure to [[opiod|opiates]], like morphine and heroin" which enter the [[blood-brain barrier]] and "block certain areas of the brain", causing various neurological and psychological symptoms. ===GAPS syndrome=== Campbell-McBride groups a wide range of neurological and psychological illnesses and disorders together as "GAPS Syndrome" which she states includes "symptoms of autism, ADHD, ADD, OCD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, schizophrenia, [[depression]], bipolar disorder, [[sleep dysfunction|sleep disorders]], [[allergy|allergies]], [[asthma]] and [[eczema]] in any possible combination".<ref name="book" /> She refers to those affected as "GAPS children and adults" and states that they "fall through the gap in our medical knowledge". These Campbell-McBride also states that anyone with a learning disability should be thoroughly examined for gut dysbiosis.<ref name="book" /> ==Evidence== The GAPS diet was published in 2004 but no clinicial trials involving [[ME/CFS]] or [[fibromyalgia]] patients have been carried out. Very little scientific research has been published about the GAPS diet, and the theory that autism and mental illnesses are caused by gut dysbiosis and gut problems is largely based on Campbell-McBride's personal observations and limited research from the late 1990s, and this theory is not widely accepted.<ref name="intro" /><ref name="book" /> In 2018, the UK's [[Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA) upheld a complaint about claims on the Bubbling Life website that GAPS Nutrition was effective for [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS), [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME) and [[anxiety]] in adults and children, and that also referred to Natasha Campbell-McBride's "research and experience."<ref name="ASABL2018">{{Cite web | url = https://www.asa.org.uk/rulings/elle-fox--a18-443476.html | title = ASA Ruling on Elle Fox t/a Bubbling Life | last = Advertising Standards Authority {{!}} Committee of Advertising Practice | first = |website=[[Advertising Standards Authority]] | date = July 18, 2018|access-date=2022-06-06}}</ref> The ASA upheld the complaint that this was misleading health advertising because Bubbling Life did not provide substantial evidence in response.<ref name="ASABL2018"/> ==Clinicians== ==Risks and safety== The GAPS diet is a very high fat diet GAPS (60% fat, 21% carbohydrate) and saturated fat intake for an 11 year-old boy exceeds is double the recommendation of no more than 10% of energy intake, and contains only 58% of the recommended [[calcium]] intake. Since girls aged 14–18 year have increased nutritional requirements but lower calorie limits than boys of the same age, they have much greater risk of [[Malnutrition|inadequate nutrient intake]] (malnutrition).<ref name="Carmody2022">{{Cite journal | title = P391 Unpacking the different popular diets for pediatric Crohn’s disease - concerns around nutritional adequacy | date = 2022-01-21| url = https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/16/Supplement_1/i388/6513047|journal=Journal of Crohn's and Colitis|volume=16|issue=Supplement 1| pages=i388–i389 | last = Carmody | first = E | author-link = | last2 = Haskett | first2 = J | authorlink2 = | last3 = Parkinson-McGraw | first3 = L | authorlink3 = | last4 = Grover | first4 = Z | authorlink4 = | last5 = Martinez | first5 = A | authorlink5 = | last6 = Rashid | first6 = M | authorlink6 = | last7 = Otley | first7 = A |language=en|doi=10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.518|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=1873-9946|quote=|via=}}</ref> The GAPS diet has also been promoted for [[inflammatory bowel disease]] (IBD) despite the lack of clinicial trials on its effectiveness and safety, and it was found to be nutritionally inadequate for adult women.<ref name="Nazarenkov2018">https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Fulltext/2018/10001/Nutritional_Adequacy_of_Popular_Defined_Diets_for.736.aspx</ref> ==Costs and availability== ==See also== *[[Healthy, balanced diet]] *[[Malnutrition]] *[[Autoimmune protocol diet]] (AIP Diet) *[[Alternative medicine]] ==Learn more== *[https://www.gapsdiet.com/ GAPS Diet website] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Alternative medicine]] [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Diets]]
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