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Functional movement disorder
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== History of FND == FND has historically been highly stigmatized, with patients often referred to as ''hysterics'', or ''hysterical'' (based on its original name of Hysteria). The first evidence of FNSD dates back to 1900 BC, where the symptoms were blamed on the uterus moving around within the female body. The treatment was based on placing a mix of unpleasant and pleasant odors around the body in the belief that this would encourage the uterus to return to its proper position.<ref name="Tasca">{{Cite journal | title = Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480686/|journal = Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH | date = 2012-10-19|issn = 1745-0179|pmc = 3480686|pmid = 23115576| pages = 110–119|volume = 8|doi = 10.2174/1745017901208010110|first = Cecilia|last = Tasca | first2 = Mariangela | last2 = Rapetti | first3 = Mauro Giovanni | last3 = Carta | first4 = Bianca | last4 = Fadda}}</ref> In Greek mythology, [[hysteria]], the original name for a group of conditions including FND, was thought to be caused by a lack of orgasms, uterine melancholy and childlessness. Remedies included orgies and marriage.<ref name="Tasca" /> From the 13th Century, women with hysteria were exorcised, as it was believed that if doctors could not find the cause of a disease or illness, it must be caused by the devil. <ref name="Tasca" /> This was in keeping with the belief at the time that mental illness was a spiritual / demonic problem. Between the late 16th century and the 18th century the role of the uterus was no longer central to the disorder, with Thomas Willis discovering that the brain and central nervous system were the cause of the symptoms. Thomas Sydenham argued that the symptoms of may have an organic (physical) cause and proved that the uterus was not the cause of symptoms. <ref name="Tasca" /> From the 18th century, there was a move toward the idea that hysteria was caused by the brain. This led to an understanding that it could affect both sexes. Jean Martin Charcot argued that hysteria was caused by "a hereditary degeneration of the nervous system, namely a neurological disorder".<ref name="Tasca" /> In the 19th Century, hysteria moved from being considered a neurological disorder to being considered a psychological disorder, when Pierre Janet argued that "dissociation appears autonomously for neurotic reasons, and in such a way as to adversely disturb the individual’s everyday life"<ref name="Tasca" /> Freud referred to hysteria as '''conversion disorder.''' He believed that those with the condition could not live in a mature relationship, and that those with the condition were unwell in order to achieve a 'secondary gain' in that they are able to manipulate their situation to fit their needs or desires. He also found that both men and women could suffer with the disorder.<ref name="Tasca" /> In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 (DSM-5) kept the name Conversion Disorder, however it included '''Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder''' as an alternative name.<ref name="DSM5" /> In the 2022 revision of the DSM-5, the DSM-5-TR, the primary name was changed to Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder, however Conversion Disorder was still kept as an alternative name.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm))|trans-title=|chapter=Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | date = 2022 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association Publishing|location=|isbn=978-0-89042-576-3|edition=|volume=|language=en | url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Men.html?id=PIGizgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y|chapter-url=| pages=|editor-last = |editor-first = | editor1-link = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = | editor2-link = | last = Association | first = American Psychiatric | authorlink = | last2 = | first2 = | authorlink2 = | last3 = | first3 = | authorlink3 = | last4 = | first4 = | authorlink4 = | last5 = | first5 = | authorlink5 = | author-link7 = | last8 = | first8 = | author-link8 = | author-link9 = |veditors=|others=|quote=}}</ref> Today, there is growing evidence that psychological stress is not necessarily the cause of FND.{{Citation needed | date = 2022}} A recent study by the charity FNDHope found that psychological triggers affected only 30% of patients.{{citation needed}} Some doctors still follow Freud's theory about Conversion Disorder, however others are moving on to look at the role of the Central Nervous System in FNSD symptoms.{{Citation needed}}
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