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Exercise
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==Physiological effects of exercise== Exercise causes a variety of temporary physiological changes in healthy people. This includes an increase in respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure in order to keep up with higher energy demands.<ref name="Burton2004">{{Cite journal | last = Burton | first = Deborah Anne | last2 = Stokes | first2 = Keith | last3 = Hall | first3 = George M | date = December 1, 2004 | title = Physiological effects of exercise | url =https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/4/6/185/314696|journal=Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain| publisher = |volume=4|issue=6 | pages = 185-8|via=BJA Education}}</ref> The chemical reactions that break down nutrients -- [[glycolysis]], the [[citric acid cycle]], and the [[ion transportation|electron transport]] chain -- move more rapidly to liberate energy, and blood flow to muscles should increase. In healthy individuals, the amount of [[oxygen]] and carbon dioxide present in the blood should not alter significantly.<ref name="Burton2004" /> ===Immune system=== In healthy people, exercise induces a variety of temporary changes to immune markers. Immediately after exercise, [[natural killer cell]] activity is decreased and [[Leukotriene]] B4 (LTB4) increase, along with the LTB4/PGE2 ratio. Exercise elevates levels of [[prostaglandin]] E2 (PGE2) for up to five days.<ref name="GrayJB1994">{{citation | last1 = Gray | first1 = J B | author-link1 = J B Gray | last2 =Martinovic | first2 = A M | authorlink2 = Andriya Martinovic | title = Eicosanoids and essential fatty acid modulation in chronic disease and the chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Medical Hypotheses | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | page = 31β42 | date = Jul 1994 | pmid = 7968718 | doi = 10.1016/0306-9877(94)90046-9 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306987794900469 }}</ref> === Infection === Several studies of a mouse model of [[Coxsackie B3]] [[myocarditis]] have found that exercise increases the virulence of the infection and results in poorer outcomes.<ref name="Cabinian1990">Cabinian AE, Kiel RJ, Smith F, Ho KL, Khatib R, Reyes MR. Modification of exercise-aggravated coxsackie virus B3 murine myocarditis by T-lymphocyte suppression in an inbred model. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1990; 115: 454β 62.</ref><ref name="Kiel1989">Kiel RJ, Smith FE, Chason J, Khatib R, Reyes MD. Coxsackie B3 myocarditis in C3H/HeJ mice: Description of an inbred model and the effect of exercise on the virulence. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1989; 5: 248β 67.</ref><ref name="Itback">{{Cite journal | last = IlbΓ€ck | first = NG | date = June 1989 | title = Exercise in coxsackie B3 myocarditis: Effects on heart lymphocyte subpopulations and the inflammatory reaction | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2543197|journal=American Heart Journal|volume=117 | pages = 1298-302|via=}}</ref><ref name="Gatmaitan1970">{{Cite journal | last = Gatmaitan | first = Bienvenido | date = June 1, 1970 | title = Augmentation of the Virulence of Murine Coxsackie Virus B-3 Myocardiopathy by Exercise | url =http://jem.rupress.org/content/131/6/1121|journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=131 | pages = 1121|via=}}</ref><ref name="Reyes2976">{{Cite journal | last = Reyes | first = MP | date = February 1976 | title = Interferon and neutralizing antibody in sera of exercised mice with coxsackievirus B-3 myocarditis |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1250870|journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=151 | pages = 333-8|via=}}</ref>Β ===Neurotransmitters=== [[Acetylcholine]], an important [[neurotransmitter]] that regulates immune response and muscle strength, decreases during exercise.
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