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Evening primrose oil
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{{stub}} [[File:Evening-primrose-oil.jpg|thumb|Evening primrose oil supplement. Image: [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/product/0743715009189/evening-primrose-oil Open Food Facts] ]] '''Evening primrose oil''' is a medicinal oil derived from the evening primrose (''Oenothera'') plant. It is rich in [[gamma linolenic acid]] (GLA), an [[Omega 6 fatty acid|omega 6]] [[essential fatty acid]].<ref name="marylandgla">[http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/gammalinolenic-acid University of Maryland Medical Center - Gamma-linolenic acid]</ref> ==Potential uses== *Treatment of [[food sensitivities]] in [[leaky gut]] *Candida ==Theory== ==Evidence == ==ME/CFS == ==Notable studies == *1996, Cognitive behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome. Evening primrose oil and magnesium have been shown to be effective<ref name="Chiltern1996">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350915/</ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350915/ (Full text)] * 2004, The use of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Puri2004">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327804000122</ref> [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327804000122 (Abstract)] *2005, In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation<ref name="Maes2005">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16380690/</ref> [https://www.nel.edu/userfiles/articlesnew/NEL260605A22.pdf (Full text)] *2007, Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome)<ref name="Puri2007">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16935966/</ref> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16935966/ (Abstract)] ===Efamol marine=== *1990, A placebo-controlled trial of n-3, n-6, essential fatty acids in the treatment of postviral fatigue syndrome<ref name="Behan1990">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb04490.x</ref> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb04490.x (Abstract)] *1999, The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome: A case‐controlled study of red‐cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo‐controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA<ref name="Warren1999">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00667.x</ref> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00667.x (Full text)] ::Found no overall benefit was found for efamol marine. ==Risks and safety == ==Costs and availability == Fatty acid blends containing evening primose oil invoice efamol marine, which adds fish oil and overall contains 57% v-linoleic acid, 7.2% GLA, and 3.6% [[eicosapentaenoic acid|EPAs]] and 2.4% [[Docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]].<ref name="Warren1999" /><ref name="Maes2005" /> ==See also== *[[Eicosapentaenoic acid]] (EPA) *[[Docosahexaenoic acid]] (DHA]] *[[Fatty acid hypothesis]] *[[Fish oil]] *[[:Category:Fatty acids|Fatty acids]] (category) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Supplements]]
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