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Dyspnea
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'''Dyspnea''', also called '''air hunger''' or '''shortness of breath''', is a symptom of [[ME/CFS]]. ==Prevalence== *1995, [[Katrina Berne]], PhD, reported a prevalence of 30-70% for shortness of breath.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Berne | first = Katrina | author-link = Katrina Berne | date = Dec 1, 1995 | title = Running on Empty: The Complete Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS)|edition= 2nd |url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/Running-Empty-Complete-Chronic-Syndrome/dp/0897931912/ | publisher = Hunter House | page = 58 |isbn= 978-0897931915}}</ref> *2001, In a Belgian study, 79.2% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 83.5% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported exertional dyspnea.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = De Becker | first = Pascale | authorlink = Pascale De Becker | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil | authorlink2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3 | pages = 234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref> ==Symptom recognition== *'''Exertional dyspnea''' is noted as a symptom of [[autonomic nervous system]] manifestations in the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] and is included in the criteria for diagnosis of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]].<ref>[http://sacfs.asn.au/download/consensus_overview_me_cfs.pdf A Clinical Case Definition and Guidelines for Medical Practitioners: An Overview of the Canadian Consensus Document]</ref> *'''Air hunger or labored breathing''' are also included in the criteria for diagnosis in the [[International Consensus Criteria]], under Respiratory part of ''Energy production/transportation impairments''.<ref name="ICC2011criteria" /> *The [[Institute of Medicine]] criteria used by the CDC refers to '''shortness of breath''' as a sign of [[orthostatic intolerance]] and [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] in the full report, but not in the diagnostic criteria.<ref name="SEID-IOM2015">{{Cite book | last = Institute of Medicine | authorlink = Institute of Medicine | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness|location=Washington, DC| publisher = The National Academies Press | date = 2015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK284902/|isbn=0309316898|pmid = 25695122 |doi = 10.17226/19012 }}</ref> *It is not described in any other case [[:Category:Definitions|definitions]] for [[ME/CFS]]. '''Shortness of breath''' is a potential symptom of [[Long COVID]] in the [[World Health Organization Long COVID diagnostic criteria|World Health Organization]]'s definition.<ref name="WHO-longcovid-criteria">{{citation | title = A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus | date =Oct 6, 2021 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | others = World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition working group on post COVID-19 condition | first1 = Joan B. | last1 = Soriano | first2 = Maya | last2 = Allan | first3 = Carine | last3 = Alsokhn | first4 = Nisreen A. | last4 = Alwan | authorlink4 = Nisreen Alwan | first5 = Lisa | last5 = Askie | first6 = Hannah E. | last6 = Davis | author-link6 = Hannah Davis | first7 = Janet V. | last7 = Diaz | first8 = Tarun | last8 = Dua | first9 = Wouter | last9 = de Groote | first10 = Robert | last10 = Jakob | first11 = Marta | last11 = Lado | first12 = John | last12 = Marshall | first13 = Srin | last13 = Murthy | first14 = Jacobus | last14 = Preller | first15 = Pryanka | last15 = Relan | first16 = Nicoline | last16 = Schiess | first17 = Archana | last17 = Seahwag | ref = WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/Post_COVID-19_condition/Clinical_case_definition/2021.1 | url = https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1}}</ref> ==Notable studies== *2012, Dyspnea in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of Two Prospective Cross-Sectional Studies.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ravindran | first = Murugan | last2 = Adewuyi | first2 = Oluwatoyin | last3 = Zheng | first3 = Yin | last4 = Rayhan | first4 = Rakib U. | last5 = Le | first5 = Uyenphuong | last6 = Timbol | first6 = Christian | last7 = Merck | first7 = Samantha | last8 = Esteitie | first8 = Rania | last9 = Read | first9 = Charles | last10 = Baraniuk | first10 = James | author-link10 = James Baraniuk | date = 2012-12-12 | title = Dyspnea in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of Two Prospective Cross-Sectional Studies |url =http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/22240|journal=Global Journal of Health Science|volume=5|issue=2|doi=10.5539/gjhs.v5n2p94|issn=1916-9744}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209305/ (Full Text)] ==Possible causes== ==Potential treatments== *[[Breathing techniques]] *[[Buteyko method]] *[[Cordyceps]] *[[Antacids]] *[[Betaine|Betaine HCL]] *Opioids<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Opioids for breathlessness: a narrative review|date=2020-09-01|url=https://spcare.bmj.com/content/10/3/287|journal=BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care|volume=10|issue=3|pages=287–295|last=Johnson|first=Miriam J.|last2=Currow|first2=David C.|language=en|doi=10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002314|pmid=32620683|issn=2045-435X}}</ref> ==Learn more== ==See also== * [[Breathing problems in ME/CFS]] ==References== <references> <ref name="ICC2011criteria">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | author-link1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | author-link6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 =Staines | first7 = D | author-link8 = Donald Staines | last8 =Powles | first8 = ACP | author-link8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | author-link9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | author-link10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | author-link11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Baumgarten-Austrheim | first12 = B | author-link12 = Barbara Baumgarten-Austrheim | last13 = Bell | first13 = DS | author-link13 = David Bell | last14 = Carlo-Stella | first14 = N | author-link14 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last15 = Chia | first15 = J | author-link15 = John Chia | last16 = Darragh | first16 = A | author-link16 = Austin Darragh | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | author-link17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | author-link18 = Donald P Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | author-link19 = Alan Light | last20 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first20 = S | authorlink20 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last21 = Mena | first21 = I | authorlink21 = Ismael Mena | last22 = Mikovits | first22 = JA | authorlink22 = Judy Mikovits | last23 = Miwa | first23 = K | authorlink23 = Kunihisa Miwa | last24 = Murovska | first24 = M | authorlink24 = Modra Murovska | last25 = Pall | first25 = ML | authorlink25= Martin Pall | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria | journal = Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | page = 327–338 | date = August 22, 2011 | pmid = 21777306 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x/full }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Pulmonary signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Neurological signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Long COVID signs and symptoms]]
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