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Dynamic Neural Retraining System
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==ME/CFS == The DNRS website claims it can "rewire chronic illness disease patterns in the brain" and that "the program is an effective treatment for [[Multiple chemical sensitivity|chemical sensitivities]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[fibromyalgia]] and many other chronic illnesses". No brain scans or brain imaging studies support this "rewiring the brain" claim, no other evidence is given to support this claim, and there is no evidence that brain-only dysfunction is the sole cause of any of these illnesses.<ref name="about" /> DNRS does not suggest any benefits that could lead to improvement in [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] or [[immune system]] functioning, or any change in [[dorsal root ganglia]] inflammation,<ref name="about" /> all of which research has found to be involved in ME/CFS. Peripheral nerve changes, the [[autonomic nervous system]] changes, and POTS are not mentioned.<ref name="about" /> The only scientific support is not published in full and not peer-reviewed, and appears as a graph and basic summary of some aspects of a preliminary report based on questionnaires from a group who tried DNRS. Only some results are reported, and it shows a high drop-out rate, and unsurprisingly shows that those who did not drop-out did improve to a degree.<ref name="Guenter2019" /> There is no information about whether participants had been professionally diagnosed, the results of the patients self-reporting CFS are not given, and full results are not reported, which is an indicator of [[research bias in ME/CFS|bias]]. ME/CFS is a neurological disease which is also multisystemic; symptoms include immune system dysfunction including altered [[cytokine]] expression, digestive / gastrointestinal symptoms that in some cases become severe enough to need tube feeding or even cause death from [[Sophia Mirza|kidney failure]], [[mitochondria dysfunction]], hormonal changes caused by the endocrine system, multiple types of pain, new intolerances to certain foods or sensory intolerances, alterations in the shape of [[erythrocyte|red blood cells]], changes in the circulatory system for example [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS), and significant [[cognitive dysfunction]].<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> The theory of ME/CFS as a long-term consequence of [[trauma]] lacks evidence and has significant evidence against it, with many patients having no trauma history and most reporting that the onset if the disease was linked to a [[viral onset hypothesis|virus]], other [[infection]], or physical injury.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> A study of military veterans by Murphy et al. (2003) could not find a link between [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]] and CFS-like symptoms.<ref name="veterans2003">{{Cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Frances M. | authorlink = Frances Murphy | last2 = Lee | first2 = Kyung Y. | authorlink2 = Kyung Lee | last3 = Mahan | first3 = Clare M. | author-link3 = Clare Mahan | last4 = Natelson | first4 = Benjamin H. | author-link4 = Benjamin Natelson | last5 = Kang | first5 = Han K. | author-link5 = Han Kang | date = 2003-01-15 | title = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-like Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Population-based Survey of 30,000 Veterans |url =https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/157/2/141/90101|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=157|issue=2 | pages = 141–148|doi=10.1093/aje/kwf187|issn=0002-9262|quote=|via=}}</ref> Heins et al. (2011) found no relationship between childhood maltreatment and response to [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]] therapy for CFS.<ref name="Heins2011">{{Cite journal | last = Heins | first = Marianne J. | authorlink = Marianne Heins | last2 = Knoop | first2 = Hans | authorlink2 = Hans Knoop | last3 = Lobbestael | first3 = Jill | authorlink3 = Jill Lobbestael | last4 = Bleijenberg | first4 = Gijs | authorlink4 = Gijs Bleijenberg | authorlink5 = | date = Dec 2011 | title = Childhood maltreatment and the response to cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22118383/|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|volume=71|issue=6 | pages = 404–410|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.05.005|issn=1879-1360|pmid=22118383|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Clark, 2018">{{Citation | last = Clark | first1 = James E. | author-link1 = James Clark | last2 =Davidson | first2 = Sean L. | authorlink2 = Sean Davidson | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura| authorlink3 = Laura Maclachlan | last4 = Newton | first4 = Julia| authorlink4 = Julia Newton | last5 = Watson | first5 = Stuart | authorlink5 = Stuart Watson | title = Rethinking childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior | volume = | issue = | page = | date = 2017 | pmid = | doi = 10.1080/21641846.2018.1384095 }}</ref><ref name="Morris2019">{{Cite journal | last = Morris | first = Gerwyn | authorlink = Gerwyn Morris | last2 = Berk | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Berk | last3 = Maes | first3 = Michael | authorlink3 = Michael Maes | last4 = Carvalho | first4 = André F. | author-link4 = André Carvalho | last5 = Puri | first5 = Basant K. | author-link5 = Basant Puri | date = 2019-01-26 | title = Socioeconomic Deprivation, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Medical Disorders in Adulthood: Mechanisms and Associations |url =https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1|journal=Molecular Neurobiology|language=en|volume=|issue= | pages = 1-25|doi=10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1|issn=1559-1182|quote=|via=}}</ref> {{See also|Trauma}}
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