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Dry eye syndrome
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[[File:Dry Eye.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Diffuse [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_S lissamine green] staining in a person with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. ]] '''Dry eye syndrome (DES)''', also known as '''keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)''', is the condition of having dry eyes. Other symptoms associated with DES/KCS include irritation, redness, discharge, and easily fatigued eyes. Blurred vision may also occur.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://nei.nih.gov/health/dryeye/dryeye | title = Facts About Dry Eye {{!}} National Eye Institute|website=nei.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref> Symptoms can be mild and occasional to severe and continuous.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kanellopoulos | first = Anastasios John | last2 = Asimellis | first2 = George | date = 2016-01-18 | title = In pursuit of objective dry eye screening clinical techniques |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4716631/|journal=Eye and Vision|volume=3| pages=|doi=10.1186/s40662-015-0032-4|issn=2326-0254|pmid=26783543|via=}}</ref> Many risk factors are associated with dry eyes such as aging, frequent flying, smoking, and medications. Health conditions include [[diabetes]], [[thyroid disease]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Sj%C3%B6gren%27s syndrome]], and [[fibromyalgia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url =https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/dryeye-syndrome.htm | title = 10 Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome + Possible Causes | last = Adler | first = Richard | date = |work=All About Vision|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url =https://www.news-medical.net/health/Fibromyalgia-and-Dry-Eyes-and-Mouth.aspx | title = Fibromyalgia and Dry Eyes and Mouth | last = Mandal | first = Ananya | date = 2013-06-30|work=News-Medical.net|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-url=|archive-date= | last2 = Cashin-Garbutt | first2 = April|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url =https://fibromyalgianewstoday.com/2018/04/03/fibromyalgia-sicca-syndrome-connection/ | title = Fibromyalgia and Sicca Syndrome: Is There a Connection? | last = Dix | first = Robin | date = 2018-04-03|work=Fibromyalgia News Today|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|language=en-US}}</ref> == Types == Environmental triggers such as low ambient humidity, high wind velocity, exposure to airborne particulates and fumes, allergies, nutritional deficiencies, and temperature extremes.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> View citation by Dr. [[Mark Guthridge]] for each cause under "Major Forms of Dry Eye Disease" and "Dry Eye Subtypes".<ref name=":4" /> '''Major Forms''' '''of Dry Eye Disease''' * evaporative dry eye * aqueous-deficient dry eye (related to and not related to [[Sjögren's syndrome]])<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |url =https://twitter.com/Dr_M_Guthridge/status/1058241606250201088 | title = Dr Mark Guthridge | last = Clayton | first = Janine A. | date = |work=Twitter|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-url=|archive-date=| publisher = New England Journal of Medicine|at=Nov 1, 2018 11:17 PM|language=en|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407936|via=Twitter}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> '''Dry Eye Subtypes''' * dry eye due to tear-film instability * dry eye due to somatosensory dysfunction * dry eye due to toxicity * anatomically related dry eye<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> == Symptoms == <div style="column-count:2;"> * aching sensations * blurred vision * burning sensation * dryness sensation * fatigued eyes * heavy eyes * itchy eyes * [[photophobia]] (light sensitivity) * red eyes * sore eyes<ref name=":0" /> </div> Watery eyes can be a symptom because "dryness on the eye's surface sometimes will over-stimulate production of the watery component of your tears as a protective mechanism. But this "reflex tearing" does not stay on the eye long enough to correct the underlying dry eye condition."<ref name=":0" /> == Risk factors == Health conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome,<ref name=":0" /> and fibromyalgia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> LASIK and other corneal refractive surgery can cause dry eyes but is usually temporary.<ref name=":0" /> <div style="column-count:2;"> * aging * computer use * contact lens wear * eyelid problems * frequent flying * indoor environment * outdoor environment * medications * menopause * smoking<ref name=":0" /> </div> == Treatment == A range of treatments are available for dry eyes depending on severity and cause. Artificial tears is usually used for mild cased due to computer use, reading, and schoolwork. Restasis, Xiidra, and steroid eye drops can reduce inflammation. Lacrisert is a solid insert with a preservative-free lubricating agent that slowly liquefies over time which will provide an all-day moistening effect. Punctal plugs are used to help tears remain on the surface of the eye longer. Meibomian gland expression is a procedure to unplug hardened meibum and possibly other substances from the meibomian glands. Warm compresses, which need to maintain a temperature of 108 degrees farenheit for more than 10 minutes twice a day. LipiFlow Thermal Pulsation System (Tear Sicence) is an automated, in office dry eye treatment which combines warm compress therapy and meibomian gland expression. Intense pulsed light treats ocular rosacea. Nutritional supplements containing [[Omega 3 fatty acid|omega 3 fatty acids]] can decrease dry eye symptoms.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url =https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/dryeye.htm | title = 12 Ways To Relieve Dry Eye Syndrome | last = Adler | first = Richard | date = |work=All About Vision|access-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=|archive-date=|language=en-US}}</ref> Some home remedies are to blink more frequently, frequent breaks during computer use, removing eye makeup thoroughly, cleaning eyelids, and wearing quality sunglasses.<ref name=":3" /> == Notable studies == * [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1407936 Dry Eye]<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | last = Clayton | first = Janine A. | authorlink = | date = 2018-06-07 | title = Dry Eye | url =https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1407936|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=378|issue=23 | pages = 2212–2223|doi=10.1056/nejmra1407936|issn=0028-4793|url-access=subscription|quote=|via=}}</ref> == See also == * [[Eye pain]] * [[Photophobia]] * [[Small fiber peripheral neuropathy]] * [[Visual dysfunction]] == Learn more == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Nu7wWhsRQU Dry Eye Animation]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Nu7wWhsRQU | title = Dry Eye Animation | last = | first = | date = Jan 10, 2014 | website = YouTube| publisher = Kugler Vision|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Video Short (w/ LipiFlow) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc5oV-CPzpU Tear Break up Time Test Testing for Dry Eye]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc5oV-CPzpU | title = Tear Break up Time Test Testing for Dry Eye | last = | first = | date = Jun 24, 2014 | website = YouTube| publisher = Douglas Lavenburg|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Video Short == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Ocular signs and symptoms]]
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