Dichloroacetate: Difference between revisions

From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
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The most popular and researched form of DCA is '''Sodium dichloroacetate'''. The same form was used in pilot trials to evaluate whether this substance could improve the condition in those who suffer from ME/CFS. The first open-label pilot trial examined 22 patients (14 women, 8 men, mean age 43.3) suffering from long-lasting ME/CFS. The study found that 10 patients responded well, their score on the Fatigue severity scale decreased at least by 40%.<ref name="Comhaire2018a">{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29602463/|title=Treating Patients Suffering From Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) With Sodium Dichloroacetate: An Open-Label, Proof-Of-Principle Pilot Trial|last=Comhaire|first=F|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=May 2018|website=Medical hypotheses|language=en|pmid=29602463|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>
The most popular and researched form of DCA is '''Sodium dichloroacetate'''. The same form was used in pilot trials to evaluate whether this substance could improve the condition in those who suffer from ME/CFS. The first open-label pilot trial examined 22 patients (14 women, 8 men, mean age 43.3) suffering from long-lasting ME/CFS. The study found that 10 patients responded well, their score on the Fatigue severity scale decreased at least by 40%.<ref name="Comhaire2018a">{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29602463/|title=Treating Patients Suffering From Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) With Sodium Dichloroacetate: An Open-Label, Proof-Of-Principle Pilot Trial|last=Comhaire|first=F|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=May 2018|website=Medical hypotheses|language=en|pmid=29602463|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>


Soon after the trial, members from of a ME/CFS community forum also shared their experiences with the substance, some of them positive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/treating-patients-suffering-from-me-cfs-with-sodium-dichloroacetate-pilot-trial.58184/|title=DISCUSSION: Treating patients suffering from ME/CFS with sodium dichloroacetate (pilot trial)|website=Phoenix Rising ME/CFS Forums|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>
Soon after the trial, members from of a ME/CFS community forum also shared their experiences with the substance, some of them positive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/treating-patients-suffering-from-me-cfs-with-sodium-dichloroacetate-pilot-trial.58184/|title=DISCUSSION: Treating patients suffering from ME/CFS with sodium dichloroacetate (pilot trial)|website=Phoenix Rising ME/CFS Forums|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>


===Molecular formulas===
===Molecular formulas===
Line 13: Line 13:
DCA, salts of dichloracetic acid, have been discovered in the 1960s. Since then the compound has been intensively researched. In 1983 it has been confirmed to be a potential remedy in treating congenital children mitochondrial disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacpoole|first=Peter W.|last2=Harman|first2=Eloise M.|last3=Curry|first3=Stephen H.|last4=Baumgartner|first4=Thomas G.|last5=Misbin|first5=Robert I.|date=1983-08-18|title=Treatment of Lactic Acidosis with Dichloroacetate|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198308183090702|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=309|issue=7|pages=390–396|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090702|issn=0028-4793}}</ref>
DCA, salts of dichloracetic acid, have been discovered in the 1960s. Since then the compound has been intensively researched. In 1983 it has been confirmed to be a potential remedy in treating congenital children mitochondrial disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacpoole|first=Peter W.|last2=Harman|first2=Eloise M.|last3=Curry|first3=Stephen H.|last4=Baumgartner|first4=Thomas G.|last5=Misbin|first5=Robert I.|date=1983-08-18|title=Treatment of Lactic Acidosis with Dichloroacetate|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198308183090702|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=309|issue=7|pages=390–396|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090702|issn=0028-4793}}</ref>


Up till now, dozens of studies have proven that DCA can be useful in managing illnesses such as elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic fatigue syndrome, endometriosis and cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/625308/|title=Metabolic effects of dichloroacetate in patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia|last=Kornhauser|first=D.M.|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=National Library of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22509356/|title=Modulation of astrocytic mitochondrial function by dichloroacetate improves survival and motor performance in inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|last=Cassina|first=Patricia|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=National Library of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29070699/|title=Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase improves pulmonary arterial hypertension in genetically susceptible patients|last=Michelakis|first=Evangelos D.|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=National Library of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29602463/|title=Treating patients suffering from myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with sodium dichloroacetate: An open-label, proof-of-principle pilot trial|last=Comhaire|first=Frank|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=National Library of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953373/|title=Dichloroacetate as a possible treatment for endometriosis-associated pain: a single-arm open-label exploratory clinical trial (EPiC)|last=Whitaker|first=L.H.R.|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=National Library of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20463368/|title=Metabolic modulation of glioblastoma with dichloroacetate|last=Michelakis|first=Evangelos D.|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=National Library of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=George W.|author-link=|last2=Swift|first2=Larry L.|author-link2=|last3=Rabinowitz|first3=David|author-link3=|last4=Crofford|first4=Oscar B.|author-link4=|last5=Oates|first5=John A.|author-link5=|last6=Stacpoole|first6=Peter W.|author-link6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=Jul 1979|title=Reduction of serum cholesterol in two patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by dichloroacetate|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0021915079901801|journal=Atherosclerosis|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=285–293|doi=10.1016/0021-9150(79)90180-1|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacpoole|first=Peter W.|last2=Moore|first2=George W.|last3=Kornhauser|first3=David M.|date=1978-03-09|title=Metabolic Effects of Dichloroacetate in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperlipoproteinemia|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM197803092981002|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=298|issue=10|pages=526–530|doi=10.1056/NEJM197803092981002|issn=0028-4793}}</ref>
Up till now, dozens of studies have proven that DCA can be useful in managing illnesses such as elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic fatigue syndrome, endometriosis and cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=George W.|author-link=|last2=Swift|first2=Larry L.|author-link2=|last3=Rabinowitz|first3=David|author-link3=|last4=Crofford|first4=Oscar B.|author-link4=|last5=Oates|first5=John A.|author-link5=|last6=Stacpoole|first6=Peter W.|author-link6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=Jul 1979|title=Reduction of serum cholesterol in two patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by dichloroacetate|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0021915079901801|journal=Atherosclerosis|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=285–293|doi=10.1016/0021-9150(79)90180-1|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacpoole|first=Peter W.|last2=Moore|first2=George W.|last3=Kornhauser|first3=David M.|date=1978-03-09|title=Metabolic Effects of Dichloroacetate in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperlipoproteinemia|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM197803092981002|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=298|issue=10|pages=526–530|doi=10.1056/NEJM197803092981002|issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miquel|first=Ernesto|last2=Cassina|first2=Adriana|last3=Martínez-Palma|first3=Laura|last4=Bolatto|first4=Carmen|last5=Trías|first5=Emiliano|last6=Gandelman|first6=Mandi|last7=Radi|first7=Rafael|last8=Barbeito|first8=Luis|last9=Cassina|first9=Patricia|date=2012-04-03|editor-last=Ferreira|editor-first=Sergio T.|title=Modulation of Astrocytic Mitochondrial Function by Dichloroacetate Improves Survival and Motor Performance in Inherited Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034776|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e34776|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034776|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC3318006|pmid=22509356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michelakis|first=Evangelos D.|last2=Gurtu|first2=Vikram|last3=Webster|first3=Linda|last4=Barnes|first4=Gareth|last5=Watson|first5=Geoffrey|last6=Howard|first6=Luke|last7=Cupitt|first7=John|last8=Paterson|first8=Ian|last9=Thompson|first9=Richard B.|date=2017-10-25|title=Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase improves pulmonary arterial hypertension in genetically susceptible patients|url=https://stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4583|journal=Science Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=9|issue=413|pages=eaao4583|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4583|issn=1946-6234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Comhaire|first=Frank|author-link=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|last4=|first4=|author-link4=|last5=|first5=|author-link5=|last6=|first6=|author-link6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|date=May 2018|title=Treating patients suffering from myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with sodium dichloroacetate: An open-label, proof-of-principle pilot trial|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306987718301051|journal=Medical Hypotheses|language=en|volume=114|issue=|pages=45–48|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.002|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leow|first=H. W.|author-link=|last2=Koscielniak|first2=M.|author-link2=|last3=Williams|first3=L.|author-link3=|last4=Saunders|first4=P. T. K.|author-link4=|last5=Daniels|first5=J.|author-link5=|last6=Doust|first6=A. M.|author-link6=|last7=Jones|first7=M-C|last8=Ferguson|first8=G. D.|last9=Bagger|first9=Y.|date=Dec 2021|title=Dichloroacetate as a possible treatment for endometriosis-associated pain: a single-arm open-label exploratory clinical trial (EPiC)|url=https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-021-00797-0|journal=Pilot and Feasibility Studies|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67|doi=10.1186/s40814-021-00797-0|issn=2055-5784|pmc=PMC7953373|pmid=33712086|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michelakis|first=E. D.|last2=Sutendra|first2=G.|last3=Dromparis|first3=P.|last4=Webster|first4=L.|last5=Haromy|first5=A.|last6=Niven|first6=E.|last7=Maguire|first7=C.|last8=Gammer|first8=T. L.|last9=Mackey|first9=J. R.|date=2010-05-12|title=Metabolic Modulation of Glioblastoma with Dichloroacetate|url=https://stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.3000677|journal=Science Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=31|pages=31ra34–31ra34|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3000677|issn=1946-6234}}</ref>


In 1989, Canada approved DCA for applying to the skin for treating warts and for "cauterization and removal of a wide variety of skin and tissue lesions", though this was cancelled post-market.<ref name="drugbank">https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08809</ref>
In 1989, Canada approved DCA for applying to the skin for treating warts and for "cauterization and removal of a wide variety of skin and tissue lesions", though this was cancelled post-market.<ref name="drugbank">{{Cite web|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB08809|title=Dichloroacetic acid|website=go.drugbank.com|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>


Currently DCA (Sodium dichlrooacetate) is approved in Canada as an orphan-drug, the only way of treating children with inborn mitochondrial-errors. It is also used off-label in alternative cancer clinics in North America, South America and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arcadia-praxisklinik.de/en/cancer-therapies/|title=Applications for cancer therapy in the Arcadia Praxisklinik|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Arcadia clinic official home page|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
Currently DCA (Sodium dichlrooacetate) is approved in Canada as an orphan-drug, the only way of treating children with inborn mitochondrial-errors. It is also used off-label in alternative cancer clinics in North America, South America and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arcadia-praxisklinik.de/en/cancer-therapies/|title=Cancer Therapies|website=Arcadia Praxisklinik|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>


==Theory==
==Theory==
Sodium dichloroacetate is a molecule that can enter our cells. The living cells of most organisms have specialized structures that make chemical energy in our body, the mitochondria.  
Sodium dichloroacetate is a molecule that can enter our cells. The living cells of most organisms have specialized structures that make chemical energy in our body, the mitochondria.  


Once DCA enters the mitochondria, it inhibits the enzyme [[pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase]]. After this enzyme is halted, it stops blocking the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. As a result this increases the energy output in our cells.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcaguide.org/dca-information/how-dca-works/|title=How DCA works ?|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=DCAGuide|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
Once DCA enters the mitochondria, it inhibits the enzyme [[pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase]]. After this enzyme is halted, it stops blocking the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. As a result this increases the energy output in our cells.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcaguide.org/dca-information/how-dca-works/|title=How DCA works ? – DCA Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>


It is thought that many sufferers of ME/CFS have mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from epigenetic, immunologic and inflammatory factors. Restoring the function of impaired mitochondria could potentially alleviate the symptoms of this disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987718301051|title=Treating patients suffering from myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with sodium dichloroacetate: An open-label, proof-of-principle pilot trial|last=Comhaire|first=Frank|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Science Direct|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
It is thought that many sufferers of ME/CFS have mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from epigenetic, immunologic and inflammatory factors. Restoring the function of impaired mitochondria could potentially alleviate the symptoms of this disease.<ref name="Comhaire2018a" />


==Evidence==
==Evidence==
Open-label pilot trial done in Belgium with 22 patients suffering from ME/CFS had favorable results. The Fatigue severity scale decreased at least by 40%.<ref name="Comhaire2018a" />
Open-label pilot trial done in Belgium with 22 patients suffering from ME/CFS had favorable results. The Fatigue severity scale decreased at least by 40%.<ref name="Comhaire2018a" />


Anecdotal evidence from the members of Phoenix Rising forum, the results range from none, to positive or dramatic improvement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/treating-patients-suffering-from-me-cfs-with-sodium-dichloroacetate-pilot-trial.58184/|title=Treating patients suffering from ME/CFS with sodium dichloroacetate (pilot trial)|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|authorlink2=|date=|website=Phoenix Rising|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=Live|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
Anecdotal evidence from the members of Phoenix Rising forum, the results range from none, to positive or dramatic improvement.<ref name=":0" />


==Risks and safety==
==Risks and safety==

Revision as of 19:05, May 29, 2021

Dichloroacetic acid or DCA is an analogue of acetic acid. Salts of DCA may be used as drugs because they inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and boost or restore the function of mitochondria (cellular power plants).[1]

The most popular and researched form of DCA is Sodium dichloroacetate. The same form was used in pilot trials to evaluate whether this substance could improve the condition in those who suffer from ME/CFS. The first open-label pilot trial examined 22 patients (14 women, 8 men, mean age 43.3) suffering from long-lasting ME/CFS. The study found that 10 patients responded well, their score on the Fatigue severity scale decreased at least by 40%.[2]

Soon after the trial, members from of a ME/CFS community forum also shared their experiences with the substance, some of them positive.[3]

Molecular formulas[edit | edit source]

Molecule of DCA (Sodium dichloroacetate)
  • C
    2
    H
    2
    Cl
    2
    O
    2

Uses[edit | edit source]

DCA, salts of dichloracetic acid, have been discovered in the 1960s. Since then the compound has been intensively researched. In 1983 it has been confirmed to be a potential remedy in treating congenital children mitochondrial disorders.[4]

Up till now, dozens of studies have proven that DCA can be useful in managing illnesses such as elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic fatigue syndrome, endometriosis and cancer.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

In 1989, Canada approved DCA for applying to the skin for treating warts and for "cauterization and removal of a wide variety of skin and tissue lesions", though this was cancelled post-market.[12]

Currently DCA (Sodium dichlrooacetate) is approved in Canada as an orphan-drug, the only way of treating children with inborn mitochondrial-errors. It is also used off-label in alternative cancer clinics in North America, South America and Europe.[13]

Theory[edit | edit source]

Sodium dichloroacetate is a molecule that can enter our cells. The living cells of most organisms have specialized structures that make chemical energy in our body, the mitochondria.

Once DCA enters the mitochondria, it inhibits the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. After this enzyme is halted, it stops blocking the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. As a result this increases the energy output in our cells.[14]

It is thought that many sufferers of ME/CFS have mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from epigenetic, immunologic and inflammatory factors. Restoring the function of impaired mitochondria could potentially alleviate the symptoms of this disease.[2]

Evidence[edit | edit source]

Open-label pilot trial done in Belgium with 22 patients suffering from ME/CFS had favorable results. The Fatigue severity scale decreased at least by 40%.[2]

Anecdotal evidence from the members of Phoenix Rising forum, the results range from none, to positive or dramatic improvement.[3]

Risks and safety[edit | edit source]

Dichloroacetic acid is a strong acid and should be avoided for internal use. Instead, only salts or the most common form Sodium dichloroacetate should be used as its near the finish line of getting FDA-approved registration for other indications and has the most extensively studied safety data.[15]

Formula used in the trials[edit | edit source]

DCA and its most popular form Sodium dichloroacetate were used in the trials. Both powder and capsules are acceptable. The DCA purity used in the pilot trial for ME/CFS treatment was 99,9%.

The full nutraceutical formula was never revealed, however, based on the available literature it looked something like this:

  • DCA 400 mg
  • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 100 mg
  • Alpha-lipoic acid 100 mg
  • Oxidoreductase ubiquinone (Q10) 50 mg

The formula was taken for 30 days straight. However, if symptom relief is not achieved after a month, DCA could be taken 5 days straight with a 2 day break at the end of the week. Such cycles should be repeated every week for symptom control.

Nevertheless, additional trials are needed to draw further conclusions.

Costs and availability[edit | edit source]

DCA and its most popular form Sodium dichloroacetate is available in naturopath clinics, as an off-label drug in Canada or on the internet. It is a non-patentable generic drug that can be freely transported all around the world.

Daily dose of DCA with the additional supplements in the nutraceutical formula cost about 1-2$ daily.

Notable studies and publications[edit | edit source]

  • 2018, Treating patients suffering from myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with sodium dichloroacetate: An open-label, proof-of-principle pilot trial[2] - (Full text)
  • 2018, Why do some ME/CFS patients benefit from treatment with sodium dichloroacetate, but others do not?[16] - (Full text)

Learn more[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. "What is DCA ?". DCA Guide. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Comhaire, F (May 2018). "Treating Patients Suffering From Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) With Sodium Dichloroacetate: An Open-Label, Proof-Of-Principle Pilot Trial". Medical hypotheses. PMID 29602463. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  3. 3.0 3.1 "DISCUSSION: Treating patients suffering from ME/CFS with sodium dichloroacetate (pilot trial)". Phoenix Rising ME/CFS Forums. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  4. Stacpoole, Peter W.; Harman, Eloise M.; Curry, Stephen H.; Baumgartner, Thomas G.; Misbin, Robert I. (August 18, 1983). "Treatment of Lactic Acidosis with Dichloroacetate". New England Journal of Medicine. 309 (7): 390–396. doi:10.1056/NEJM198308183090702. ISSN 0028-4793.
  5. Moore, George W.; Swift, Larry L.; Rabinowitz, David; Crofford, Oscar B.; Oates, John A.; Stacpoole, Peter W. (July 1979). "Reduction of serum cholesterol in two patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by dichloroacetate". Atherosclerosis. 33 (3): 285–293. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(79)90180-1.
  6. Stacpoole, Peter W.; Moore, George W.; Kornhauser, David M. (March 9, 1978). "Metabolic Effects of Dichloroacetate in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperlipoproteinemia". New England Journal of Medicine. 298 (10): 526–530. doi:10.1056/NEJM197803092981002. ISSN 0028-4793.
  7. Miquel, Ernesto; Cassina, Adriana; Martínez-Palma, Laura; Bolatto, Carmen; Trías, Emiliano; Gandelman, Mandi; Radi, Rafael; Barbeito, Luis; Cassina, Patricia (April 3, 2012). Ferreira, Sergio T. (ed.). "Modulation of Astrocytic Mitochondrial Function by Dichloroacetate Improves Survival and Motor Performance in Inherited Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". PLoS ONE. 7 (4): e34776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034776. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3318006. PMID 22509356.
  8. Michelakis, Evangelos D.; Gurtu, Vikram; Webster, Linda; Barnes, Gareth; Watson, Geoffrey; Howard, Luke; Cupitt, John; Paterson, Ian; Thompson, Richard B. (October 25, 2017). "Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase improves pulmonary arterial hypertension in genetically susceptible patients". Science Translational Medicine. 9 (413): eaao4583. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4583. ISSN 1946-6234.
  9. Comhaire, Frank (May 2018). "Treating patients suffering from myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with sodium dichloroacetate: An open-label, proof-of-principle pilot trial". Medical Hypotheses. 114: 45–48. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.002.
  10. Leow, H. W.; Koscielniak, M.; Williams, L.; Saunders, P. T. K.; Daniels, J.; Doust, A. M.; Jones, M-C; Ferguson, G. D.; Bagger, Y. (December 2021). "Dichloroacetate as a possible treatment for endometriosis-associated pain: a single-arm open-label exploratory clinical trial (EPiC)". Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 7 (1): 67. doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00797-0. ISSN 2055-5784. PMC 7953373. PMID 33712086.
  11. Michelakis, E. D.; Sutendra, G.; Dromparis, P.; Webster, L.; Haromy, A.; Niven, E.; Maguire, C.; Gammer, T. L.; Mackey, J. R. (May 12, 2010). "Metabolic Modulation of Glioblastoma with Dichloroacetate". Science Translational Medicine. 2 (31): 31ra34–31ra34. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000677. ISSN 1946-6234.
  12. "Dichloroacetic acid". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  13. "Cancer Therapies". Arcadia Praxisklinik. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  14. "How DCA works ? – DCA Guide". Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  15. "Phase 3 Trial of DCA in PDC Deficiency". Grantome. Retrieved May 27, 2021. Invalid |url-status=Live (help)
  16. Comhaire, Frank (November 1, 2018). "Why do some ME/CFS patients benefit from treatment with sodium dichloroacetate, but others do not?". Medical Hypotheses. 120: 65–67. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.014. ISSN 0306-9877.