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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
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'''Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4''' or '''CTLA4''' is a protein-encoding gene.<ref name="genecards">{{Cite web | website=Gene cards|access-date=2022-03-31| url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CTLA4 | title = CTLA4 Gene }}</ref> It is associated with autoimmunity, immunodeficiency and uncontrolled production of [[lymphocyte]]s.<ref name="genecards"/> [[CD28]] is an important paralog of this CTLA4.<ref name="genecards"/> ==Function== CTLA4 and [[Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22|PTPN22]] genes play a key role in regulating [[B cell]] and [[T cell]] activation.<ref name="Steiner2021"/> CTLA4 gene mutations have been associated with a variety of autoimmune and immune mediated diseases including: * Insulin-dependent [[diabetes|diabetes mellitus]] * [[Graves' disease]] * [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)]] * [[Celiac disease]] type 3 * [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] * [[Thyroid]]-associated orbitopathy<ref name="genecards"/> ==ME/CFS == Steiner et al. (2021) found that patients who developed [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] after a [[virus]] were more likely to have PTPN22 and CTLA4 gene mutations.<ref name="Steiner2021"/> Dr [[Carmen Scheibenbogen]] stated: "Our finding provides evidence that ME/CFS is an [[autoimmune disease]] in the subgroup of patients whose disease is triggered by an infection. It encourages us to pursue clinical studies with [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] or [[immunoadsorption]] to target autoantibodies."<ref name="Steiner2021"/> A later study by Hajdarevic et al. (2022) did not find any link between ME/CFS and the CTLA4 and PTPN22 genes.*2022, Genetic association study in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) identifies several potential risk loci<ref name="Hajdarevic2022"/> ==Notable studies == *2022, Genetic association study in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) identifies several potential risk loci<ref name="Hajdarevic2022">{{Cite journal | title = Genetic association study in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) identifies several potential risk loci | date = 2022-05-01 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159122000782|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=102|issue= | pages = 362–369 | last = Hajdarevic|first = Riad | authorlink = Riad Hajdarevic | last2 = Lande | first2 = Asgeir | authorlink2 = Asgeir Lande | last3 = Mehlsen | first3 = Jesper | author-link3 = | last4 = Rydland | first4 = Anne | author-link4 = | last5 = Sosa | first5 = Daisy D. | author-link5 = | last6 = Strand | first6 = Elin B. | author-link6 = Elin Strand | last7 = Mella | first7 = Olav | author-link8 = Olav Mella | last8 = Pociot | first8 = Flemming | last9 = Fluge | first9 = Øystein | author-link9 = Øystein Fluge | last10 = Lie | first10 = Benedicte A. | last11 = Viken | first11 = Marte K.|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.010|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0889-1591|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159122000782 (Full text)] *2020, Autoimmunity-Related Risk Variants in PTPN22 and CTLA4 Are Associated With ME/CFS With Infectious Onset<ref name="Steiner2021">{{Cite journal | last = Steiner | first = Sophie | last2 = Becker | first2 = Sonya C. | last3 = Hartwig | first3 = Jelka | last4 = Sotzny | first4 = Franziska | author-link4 = Franziska Sotzny | last5 = Lorenz | first5 = Sebastian | last6 = Bauer | first6 = Sandra | author-link6 = Sandra Bauer | last7 = Löbel | first7 = Madlen | last8 = Stittrich | first8 = Anna B. | last9 = Grabowski | first9 = Patricia | author-link9 = Patricia Grabowski | last10 = Scheibenbogen | first10 = Carmen | author-link10 = Carmen Scheibenbogen | date = 2020 | title=Autoimmunity-Related Risk Variants in PTPN22 and CTLA4 Are Associated With ME/CFS With Infectious Onset | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00578|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=11 | pages = 578|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2020.00578|issn=1664-3224}}</ref> - [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00578/full (Full text)] ==See also == *[[Immunoglobulin G]] (IgG) *[[Immunoadsorption]] *[[Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22]] (PTPN22) *[[Autoimmune disease]] *[[Genetics of chronic fatigue syndrome]] ==Learn more == *[https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CTLA4 CTLA4 Gene] - Gene cards ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Genes]] [[Category:Enzymes]] [[Category:Proteins]]
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