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Copper
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'''Copper''' is an essential trace dietary mineral. Copper works with iron to help the body form red blood cells. It also helps keep the blood vessels, nerves, immune system, and bones healthy. Copper also aids in iron absorption. Copper is a cofactor for [[diamine oxidase]], an enzyme that breaks down [[histamine]], a chemical released by mast cells. Copper deficiency is associated with increased [[tryptase]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Öhrvik|first = Helena | last2 = Pejler | first2 = Gunnar | last3 = Kaler | first3 = Stephen G. | last4 = Kjellén | first4 = Lena | last5 = Frisk | first5 = Jun Mei Hu | date = 2017-12-15 | title = Copper Regulates Maturation and Expression of an MITF:Tryptase Axis in Mast Cells |url =https://www.jimmunol.org/content/199/12/4132|journal=The Journal of Immunology|language=en|volume=199 | issue = 12 | pages = 4132–4141|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1700786|issn=0022-1767|pmid=29127151}}</ref>, a marker of mast cell activation. And it is also necessary for creating collagen. [[Lysyl oxidase]] is an extracellular copper-dependent enzyme that acts on lysines and hydroxylysines to crosslink [[collagen]] and [[elastin]], which is essential for stabilization of collagen fibrils and for the integrity and elasticity of mature elastin.{{Citation needed|reason=}} ==Copper deficiency== *Overconsumption of [[zinc]] can interfere with the absorption of copper. This imbalance can contribute to the development of coronary heart disease.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Klevay|first = L M | authorlink = | date = July 1972 | title = Coronary heart disease: the zinc/copper hypothesis |url =http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/28/7/764.abstract|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|language=en|volume=28 | issue = 7 | pages = 764–774|doi=10.1093/ajcn/28.7.764|issn=0002-9165|quote=|via=}}</ref> *Copper deficiency (along with [[zinc]] and [[manganese]]) can contribute to [[oxidative stress]]. However, excessive levels of copper and [[manganese]] may do the same.<ref>{{Cite news |url =https://www.prohealth.com/library/the-pall-protocol-for-treating-cfs-me-34953 | title = The Pall Protocol for Treating CFS/ME - Prohealth | last = Verillo|first = Erica | date = 2013-03-26|work=Prohealth|access-date=2018-11-17| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | language=en-US}}</ref> *Copper deficiency may reduce [[calcium]] absorption<ref>{{Cite web | first = Larry E. | last = Johnson | url =https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/disorders-of-nutrition/minerals/copper | title = Copper - Disorders of Nutrition - MSD Manual Consumer Version|work=MSD Manual Consumer Version|access-date=2018-11-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Clinical use== *[[Martin Pall]] recommends taking a low dose of copper in his [[Pall protocol]] == See also == * [[Mineral]] * [[Zinc]] * [[:Category:Supplements|Supplements]] ==Learn more== *[https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/disorders-of-nutrition/minerals/copper Copper] - Merck Manual *[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/Copper Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center - Copper] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper Wikipedia - Copper] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nutrients]] [[Category:Minerals]] [[Category:Chemical elements]]
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