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Choline
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'''Choline''' is a major phospholipid and an essential nutrient used as a building block to several other biochemicals in the human body.<ref name="vanderPollch">{{Cite book | title = Guide to Nutritional Supplements | pages = 108-109|isbn=978-0-12-375661-9|edition= | volume = |language=en| title-link = | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_VjxiHvdlOQC&newbks=0&lpg=PA5&pg=PA108#v=snippet&f=true|access-date= | date = 2009-09-02| publisher = Academic Press | last = van der Poll|first = MCG | authorlink = | last2 = Luiking | first2 = YC | author-link2 = | last3 = Dejong | first3 = CHC | author-link3 = | last4 = Soeters | first4 = PB | author-link4 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=Oxford, UK|editor-last = Caballero|editor-first = Benjamin| editor1-link = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |chapter=Amino Acids}}</ref> Although the body manufactures some choline, the majority of what is used needs to be consumed in food, such as eggs, meat, poultry, fish, cruciferous vegetables, peanuts, and dairy products.<ref name="lpi">{{Cite web | url = https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/choline | title = Choline | date = 2014-04-28 | website = Linus Pauling Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> ==Purpose == Choline is used to produce the neurotransmitter [[acetylcholine]].<ref name="vanderPollch" /> ==Sources == Although some choline can be made by the human body, dietary choline is also needed. Men deficient in choline have been found to develop liver and muscle damage, and have compromised kidney function.<ref name="vanderPollch" /> Choline is found in many different foods, including: *beef liver *egg *bacon *cod *dairy products *vegetarian and vegan sources include wheatgerm, soy beans and tofu, peanut butter, bread and spinach<ref name="vanderPollch" /> ==ME/CFS== Studies utilizing brain MR spectroscopy have shown that CFS patients have elevated levels of choline in numerous brain regions, including the [[basal ganglia]], [[occipital cortex]], and left anterior cingulate. <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chaudhuri|first = A. | last2 = Condon | first2 = B.R. | last3 = Gow | first3 = J.W. | last4 = Brennan | first4 = D. | last5 = Hadley | first5 = D.M. | date = Feb 2003 | title = Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of basal ganglia in chronic fatigue syndrome: | url = http://journals.lww.com/00001756-200302100-00013 | journal = NeuroReport|language=en | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 225β228|doi=10.1097/00001756-200302100-00013|issn=0959-4965}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952327804000560 | journal = Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids | date = Sep 2004 | pages = 181β183 | volume = 71 | issue = 3|doi=10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.009|language=en | first = A | last = Chaudhuri | first2 = P.O | last2 = Behan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in childhood | url =https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0387760499001114 | journal = Brain and Development | date = Jan 2000 | pages = 60β64 | volume = 22 | issue = 1|doi=10.1016/S0387-7604(99)00111-4|language=en | first = Akemi | last = Tomoda | first2 = Teruhisa | last2 = Miike | first3 = Eiji | last3 = Yamada | first4 = Hajime | last4 = Honda | first5 = Toshihiro | last5 = Moroi | first6 = Masakatsu | last6 = Ogawa | first7 = Yoshinobu | last7 = Ohtani | first8 = Shoji | last8 = Morishita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Relative increase in choline in the occipital cortex in chronic fatigue syndrome: Occipital cortex in chronic fatigue syndrome | url =http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01300.x | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | date = Sep 2002 | pages = 224β226 | volume = 106 | issue = 3|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01300.x|language=en | first = B.K. | last = Puri | first2 = S.J. | last2 = Counsell | first3 = R. | last3 = Zaman | first4 = J. | last4 = Main | first5 = A.G. | last5 = Collins | first6 = J.V. | last6 = Hajnal | first7 = N.J. | last7 = Davey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy | url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11682-018-0029-4 | journal = Brain Imaging and Behavior | date = Apr 2020|issn=1931-7557|pmc=PMC6612467|pmid=30617782 | pages = 562β572 | volume = 14 | issue = 2|doi=10.1007/s11682-018-0029-4|language=en | first = Christina | last = Mueller | first2 = Joanne C. | last2 = Lin | first3 = Sulaiman | last3 = Sheriff | first4 = Andrew A. | last4 = Maudsley | first5 = Jarred W. | last5 = Younger}}</ref> These findings are possibly indicative of increased oxidative stress, abnormal phospholipid metabolism <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Puri|first = B.K | date = Apr 2004 | title = The use of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952327804000122 | journal = Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids|language=en | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 399β401|doi=10.1016/j.plefa.2003.12.015}}</ref>, or increased cell turnover in these regions of the brain. Elevated brain choline or an increased choline to creatine/creatinine ratio is a phenomenon that has been associated with neoplasia, inflammatory demyelination, and infection.Β <ref>{{Cite journal | title = The puzzle of choline and lipid peak on spectroscopy | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378603X14000849 | journal = The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | date = 2014-09-01|issn=0378-603X | pages = 903β907 | volume = 45 | issue = 3|doi=10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.04.014|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Imaging of central nervous system viral diseases |url =https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.22830 | journal = Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | date = Mar 2012 | pages = 477β491 | volume = 35 | issue = 3|doi=10.1002/jmri.22830|language=en | first = Rakesh Kumar | last = Gupta | first2 = Neetu | last2 = Soni | first3 = Sunil | last3 = Kumar | first4 = Niranjan | last4 = Khandelwal}}</ref> ==Chemical formula== {{chem2|C5H14NO+}}<ref name="pubchem">{{Cite web | url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/305 | title = Choline | last = PubChem | website = pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> ==Supplements == Choline supplements include CDP-choline (citicoline), choline chloride, choline bitartrate, and other choline salts.<ref name="lpi" /> Phosphatidylcholine (PC) can be used to treat choline deficiency.<ref name="vanderPollch" /> ==See also == *[[Acetylcholine]] ==Learn more== *[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/choline Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center - Choline] *[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/choline PubChem - Choline] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nutrients]] [[Category:Supplements]] [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Electrolytes]] [[Category:Phospholipids]]
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