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Body mass index
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==Criticisms== BMI evolved from an attempt to develop better health risk assessments for the United States health insurance industry than the height/weight tables used in the early 1900s, and were largely based on values for White adult men.<ref name="Nuttall2015">{{Cite journal | title = Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review | date = 2015 | url = https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2015/05000/body_mass_index__obesity,_bmi,_and_health__a.5.aspx | journal = Nutrition Today | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 117–128 | last = Nuttall | first = Frank Q. | author-link = |language=en-US|doi=10.1097/NT.0000000000000092|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|issn=0029-666X|quote=|via=}}</ref> In the 1990s, the [[World Health Organization]] adopted BMI as a medical measure and published ranges. Today BMI is widely regarded as as measure of "fat-ness" and has been found to contribute to both social stigma and bias or stigma from doctors and clinicans.<ref name="Nuttall2015" /> Key criticisms include: * the EPIC study of over 350,000 adults in Europe (aged 25 to 70) found that increased mortality was associated with a BMI of less than 21 or over 30, which is significantly different from the BMI ranges in use, men with a BMI of 26.5 had the lowest risk, similar results were found in the larger NIH–American Association of Retired Persons study * BMI is a relatively poor measure of fat-ness, and does not take into account waist circumference or muscle mass, it may assess some people with a high proportion of fat as in a healthy range and some with a healthy proportion as overweight or even obese * Older adults typically have reduced muscle mass, and higher amounts of fat, which means BMI may be too high for them<ref name="NHS">{{Cite web | url = https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/ | title = BMI calculator {{!}} Check your BMI | last = | first = | author-link = | date = 2021-10-28 | website = National Health Service|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2022-01-12}}</ref> * Mortality is often associated with a higher BMI, but a higher mortality in "wasting diseases" such as tuberculosis is associated with a lower BMI * Risk of developing [[diabetes]], [[metabolic syndrome]] and coronary heart disease has been found to be more closely associated with accumulated fat stores in the upper body than overall<ref name="Nuttall2015" />
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