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African trypanosomiasis
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{{NeedsImage}} '''African trypanosomiasis''' or '''Human African trypanosomiasis''' or '''HAT''' or '''Sleeping Sickness''' is a neurological disease caused by a parasite transmitted by the tsetse fly, and is only found in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/index.html | title = African Trypanosomiasis | last = Centers for Disease Control | first = | author-link = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = 2020-03-09 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2020-09-26}}</ref> African trypanosomiasis is caused by the ''trypanosoma brucei'' parasite, and control effects reduced cases to around 2,000 per year by 2019.<ref name="cdc" /> A related parasite causes '''American trypanosomiasis''', alternatively known as [[Chagas disease]].<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/condition/trypanosomiasis.html | title = List of 8 Trypanosomiasis Medications Compared | website = Drugs.com|language=en | access-date = 2022-01-05}}</ref> The most common form of African trypanosomia may not have major symptoms for many months or years, but symptoms emerge once the disease is advanced and cause [[central nervous system]] signs and symptoms.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web | url = https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness) | title = Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) | last = World Health Organization | first = | author-link = World Health Organization | date = | website = |language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2022-01-05}}</ref> ==Signs and symptoms == African trypanosomiasis is fatal without treatment.<ref name="cdc" /> ===First stage== The trypanosomes (parasites) multiply in subcutaneous tissues, blood and lymph. Symptoms include: * bouts of [[fever]] * [[headache]]s * [[swollen lymph node]]s * [[joint pain]] * [[skin itch|itching]]<ref name="WHO" /> ===Second stage== The parasites cross the [[blood-brain barrier]] (BBB) and infect the central nervous system, this is known as the ''neurological'' or ''meningo-encephalic'' stage. Symptoms become more obvious: * [[Behavior changes|changes in behavior]] * [[confusion]] * [[:Category:Sensitivity signs and symptoms|sensory disturbances]] * [[poor coordination]] * [[Sleep dysfunction|disturbed sleep cycle]] * Fatal if left untreated<ref name="WHO" /> ==Treatment == There are two forms of African trypanosomiasis, and treatment depends on which form is presented. Drugs used for African trypanosomiasis are: *[[Pentamidine]], an antifungal medication also used for pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; this drug is available in the United States.<ref name="pentamidine">{{Cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/mtm/pentamidine.html | title = Pentamidine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings | website = Drugs.com|language=en | access-date = 2022-01-05}}</ref> Brand names include Nebupent and Pentam *[[Fexinidazole]] *[[Eflornithine]] *[[Melarsoprol]] *[[Nifurtimox]], which may be used together with eflornithine and is sold under the brand name Lampit. *[[Suramin]]<ref name="cdc" /><ref name="drugscom" /> ==Suramin== Suramin is not available commercially, but has been identified as a potential medication to treat ME/CFS by research at the [[Open Medicine Foundation]].<ref name="omf2017" /> ==ME/CFS== African trypanosomiasis is not known to occur with or be linked to the development of [[ME/CFS]].<ref name="omf2017">{{Cite web | url = https://www.omf.ngo/2017/09/05/deep-dive/ | title = Deep Dive Into The Science On ME | last = Open Medicine Foundation | first = | author-link = Open Medicine Foundation | date = 2017-09-05 | website = Open Medicine Foundation|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= | access-date = 2019-04-30}}</ref> ==See also == *[[Suramin]] *[[Central nervous system]] ==Learn more == *[https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/index.html African trypanosomiasis] - CDC *[https://www.omf.ngo/2017/09/05/deep-dive/ Deep Dive Into The Science On ME] - Open Medicine Foundation *[https://www.drugs.com/condition/trypanosomiasis.html Trypanosomiasis] - drugs.com *[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness) Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness)] - World Health Organization ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Diagnoses]] [[Category:Neurological diseases and disorders]] [[Category:Infectious diseases]] [[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
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